Communication Systems

Outline

● Parseval’s Theorem
● Spectral Density
● Power Spectral Density
● Energy Spectral Density
● Random Process
● Random Process types
● Signal Transmission through idea transmission lines
● Essential Bandwidth
● Bandwidth delima
Parseval’s Theorem

• The Parseval’s theorem defines energy of a

signal in terms of its Fourier transform.
• The theorem is very useful as it helps in
evaluating the energy of a signal without
knowing its time domain .
• When the Fourier transform of a signal is known,
its energy can be evaluated without finding the
inverse Fourier transform, i.e., (time domain of a
signal)
Parseval’s Theorem ( Energy
Dissipation)• If the signal is assumed to be a voltage and it is
applied across a 1 ohm resistor, then the ENERGY
dissipated in the resistor is given by the left hand side
of the equation below.
• Parseval's theorem states that this is also equal to
integral of the square of the spectrum on the right.

 
Parseval’s Theorem
Energy calculated in the Time domain is equal to
energy calculated in the Frequency domain.
Spectral density
• The spectral density of a signal characterizes the
distribution of the signal’s energy or power in the
frequency domain.
• This concept is particularly important when
considering filtering in communication systems.
• We need to be able to evaluate the signal and
noise at the filter output.
 Energy Spectral density
The total energy of real valued energy signal x(t) is defined over interval (–
infinity ,+infinity) is described by equation:

• Using Parceval’s theorem, we can relate the

energy of such a signal expressed in time domain
to the energy expressed in frequency domain as

Where X(f) is the Fourier transform of the non-periodic

signal x(t).
PSD

● Consider a signal x(t) with Fourier Transform (FT) X(w)

• We wish to find the energy and power

distribution of x(t) as a function of
frequency
Features of PSD

● A random process X(t) can generally be classified as a power

signal having a power spectral density (PSD) GX(f )

● Principal features of PSD functions

And is always real valued

for X(t) real-valued

PSD and autocorrelation form a Fourier transform pair

Relationship between average normalized power and

PSD
Random process
● A random process is a collection of time functions, or signals,
corresponding to various outcomes of a random experiment.
For each outcome, there exists a deterministic function, which
is called a sample function or a realization.

Random
variables
Real number

Sample functions
or realizations
(deterministic
function)
time (t)
Random process Types
● Strictly stationary: If none of the statistics of the random process are
affected by a shift in the time origin.

● Wide sense stationary (WSS): If the mean and autocorrelation function

do not change with a shift in the origin time.

● Cyclostationary: If the mean and autocorrelation function are periodic in

time.

● Ergodic process: A random process is ergodic in mean and

autocorrelation, if

and

, respectively.
Signal Transmission through Linear Systems

● A system can be characterized equally well in the time domain

or the frequency domain, techniques will be developed in
both domains

● The system is assumed to be linear and time invariant.

● It is also assumed that there is no stored energy in the system

at the time the input is applied
Distortionless Transmission
What is the required behavior of an ideal transmission line?
● The output signal from an ideal transmission line may have some time delay and different
amplitude than the input
● It must have no distortion—it must have the same shape as the input.
● For ideal distortionless transmission:

Output signal in time domain

(1.54)
Output signal in frequency domain

(1.55)
System Transfer Function

(1.56)
What is the required behavior of an ideal transmission line?
● The overall system response must have a constant magnitude
response
● The phase shift must be linear with frequency
● All of the signal’s frequency components must also arrive with
identical time delay in order to add up correctly

● Time delay t0 is related to the phase shift  and the radian

frequency  = 2f by:
t0 (seconds) =  (radians) / 2f (radians/seconds ) (1.57a)

● Another characteristic often used to measure delay distortion

of a signal is called envelope delay or group delay:
(1.57b)
Essential Bandwidth of a Signal
● The spectra of most of the signal extends to infinity theoretically.
● Because the energy of practical signal is finite, the signal spectrum most approach 0 as
● Most of the signal energy is contained within a certain band of B Hz.
● The energy contents of the component of the frequencies greater than B Hz are negligible.
● We can suppress the signal spectrum beyond B Hz with little effect on the signal shape and
energy.
● The bandwidth B is called the essential bandwidth of the signal
Criteria for essential bandwidth
● The criterion for selecting B depends on the error tolerance in a particular application
● We may select B to be the bandwidth that contains 95% of the signal energy.
● The energy level may be greater or lower than 95% depending on the precision needed.
● Using such criterion one can determine the essential bandwidth of a signal.
● Suppression of all the spectral component of g(t) beyond essential bandwidth results in a signal
which is close approximation of g(t)
● If 95% criterion is used the error will be 5%
Bandwidth Dilemma

● Theorems of
communication and
information theory
are based on the
assumption of strictly
bandlimited channels

● The mathematical
description of a real
signal does not
permit the signal to
be strictly duration
limited and strictly
bandlimited.
Bandwidth Dilemma
● All bandwidth criteria have in common the attempt to specify a
measure of the width, W, of a nonnegative real-valued spectral
density defined for all frequencies f < ∞

● The single-sided power spectral density for a single

heterodyned pulse xc(t) takes the analytical form:

(1.73)
Different Bandwidth Criteria

(a) Half-power
bandwidth.
(b) Equivalent
rectangular or noise
equivalent
bandwidth.
(c) Null-to-null
bandwidth.
(d) Fractional power
containment
bandwidth.
(e) Bounded power
spectral density.