Ethics in Information

Technology
‫ا ألخالقف يت قنية ا لمعلومات‬
Chapter 1
An Overview of Ethics
‫نظرة عامة على األخالق‬

George W.
Reynolds

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 Learning Objectives, Part
1 ?What is ethics •
What trends have increased the •
?likelihood of unethical behavior
What is corporate social responsibility, •
and why is fostering good business
?ethics important

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 Learning Objectives, Part
2 What measures can organizations take •
?to improve their business ethics
How can you include ethical •
?considerations in your decision making
What trends have increased the risk that •
information technology will be used in
?an unethical manner

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 What is
?Ethics
Ethics: A code of behavior defined by the group to which •
an individual belongs
Morals: Personal principles upon which an individual •
bases his or her decisions about what is right and what is
wrong
Virtue: A habit that inclines people to do what is
acceptable
Vice: A habit of unacceptable behavior •
•
‫ المبادئ‬:‫ مدونة سلوك تحددها المجموعة التي ينتمي إليها الفرد األخالق‬:‫األخالق‬
‫ عادة‬:‫الشخصية التي يبني عليها الفرد قراراته حول ما هو صواب وما هو خطأ الفضيلة‬
‫ عادة السلوك غير المقبول‬:‫تدفع الناس إلى فعل المقبول الرذيلة‬
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The Relationship Between Ethics and
Morals

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 Integrit
y Acting in accordance with a personal code of principles •
Extending the same respect and consideration that one expects •
to receive from others
Applying the same moral codes in all situations •
Consistency can be difficult to achieve in situations that conflict •
.with one’s moral standards
Inconsistency also occurs if one applies moral standards •
.differently depending on the situation or people involved
‫• التصرف وفقًا لقواعد المبادئ الشخصية‬
‫• منح نفس االحترام واالعتبار الذي يتوقعه المرء من اآلخرين‬
‫• تطبيق نفس القواعد األخالقية في جميع المواقف‬
.‫• قد يكون من الصعب تحقيق االتساق في المواقف التي تتعارض مع المعايير األخالقية للفرد‬
ً ‫• يحدث التناقض أي‬
.‫ضا إذا طبق المرء المعايير األخالقية بشكل مختلف اعتما ًدا على الموقف أو األشخاص المعنيين‬
6
 Difference Between Morals, Ethics, and
Laws
Morals
• Personal principles an
individual uses to
determine what is
right and what is
wrong
• Moral acts conform to
what an individual
believes to be the
right thing to do
• ‫المبادئ الشخصية التي يستخدمها‬
‫الفرد لتحديد ما هو صواب وما هو‬
‫خطأ تتوافق األفعال األخالقية مع‬
‫ما يعتقد الفرد أنه الشيء الصحيح‬
‫الذي يجب فعله‬
Ethics Law
• Code of behavior • System of rules,
that is defined by enforced by a set of
institutions, that tells
the group to us what we can and
which an cannot do
individual belongs • Legal acts are acts
• that conform to the
‫مدونة السلوك التي‬ law
‫ الذي تفرضه‬، ‫نظام القواعد‬
‫ • تحددها المجموعة التي‬، ‫مجموعة من المؤسسات‬
‫ينتمي إليها الفرد‬ ‫يخبرنا بما يمكننا وما ال‬
‫يمكننا فعل‡ه األفعال القانونية‬
‫هي األفعال التي تتوا‡فق مع‬
‫القانون‬
7
Legal versus
Ethical

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Ethics in the Business
World Trends that have increased the risk of unethical •
:behavior
More complex work environments spanning diverse •
cultures make it more difficult to apply principles and
.codes of ethics consistently
Today’s challenging economic climate has increased the •
.pressure on organizations to maintain revenue and profits
Heightened vigilance by employees, shareholders, and •
regulatory agencies has increased the risk of financial loss and
.lawsuits for businesses that act unethically
•
‫ إن بيئات العمل األكثر تعقي ًدا التي تمتد عبر ثقافات متنوعة تجعل من‬:‫االتجاهات التي زادت من خطر السلوك غير األخالقي‬
‫ أدى المناخ االقتصادي المليء بالتحديات اليوم إلى زيادة الضغط على‬.‫الصعب تطبيق مبادئ وقواعد األخالق باستمرار‬
‫ زادت اليقظة المتزايدة من قبل الموظفين والمساهمين والهيئات التنظيمية من‬.‫المؤسسات للحفاظ على اإليرادات واألرباح‬
.‫مخاطر الخسارة المالية والدعاوى القضائية للشركات التي تتصرف بشكل غير أخالقي‬
9
 Bathsheba Syndrome
Term used to describe the moral corruption of those in •
power
Refers to the biblical story of King David, who became •
corrupted by his power and success
Moral corruption of people in power is often facilitated •
by a tendency for people to look the other way when
their leaders behave inappropriately
•
‫مصطلح يستخدم لوصف الفساد األخالقي لمن هم في السلطة يشير إلى‬
‫ الذي أفسده قوته ونجاحه غالبًا ما يتم‬، ‫قصة الكتاب المقدس للملك داود‬
‫تسهيل الفساد األخالقي لألشخاص في السلطة من خالل ميل الناس إلى‬
‫النظر في االتجاه اآلخر عندما يتصرف قادتهم بشكل غير الئق‬
10
Who Is Responsible for Instances of
?Misconduct

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 Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR)
Organization takes responsibility for the impact of its •
:actions on
Shareholders •
Consumers •
Employees •
Community •
Environment •
Suppliers •
Supply chain sustainability: A component of CSR focused on •
developing and maintaining a supply chain that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs
•
‫ المساهمين المستهلكون الموظفين تواصل اجتماعي بيئة الموردين استدامة سلسلة‬:‫تتحمل المنظمة المسؤولية عن تأثير أعمالها على‬
‫ أحد مكونات المسؤولية االجتماعية للشركات التي تركز على تطوير وصيانة سلسلة التوريد التي تلبي احتياجات الحاضر‬:‫التوريد‬
‫دون المساس بقدرة األجيال القادمة على تلبية احتياجاتهم‬
12
Reasons to Foster Corporate Social
Responsibility and Good Business
Ethics
Gain the goodwill of the community •
Create an organization that operates consistently •
Foster good business practices •
Protect the organization and its employees from legal •
action
Avoid unfavorable publicity •
•
‫اكتساب النوايا الحسنة للمجتمع إنشاء منظمة تعمل باستمرار تعزيز‬
‫الممارسات التجارية الجيدة حماية المنظمة وموظفيها من اإلجراءات‬
‫القانونية تجنب الدعاية غير المرغوبة‬
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Reducing the Risk of Unethical
Behavior

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 Characteristics of a Successful Ethics
Program
.Employees are willing to seek advice about ethics-related issues •
Employees feel prepared to handle situations that could lead to •
.misconduct
.Employees are rewarded for ethical behavior •
The organization does not reward success obtained through •
.questionable means
.Employees feel positively about their company •
.‫• الموظفون على استعداد لطلب المشورة بشأن القضايا المتعلقة باألخالقيات‬
.‫• يشعر الموظفون باالستعداد للتعامل مع المواقف التي قد تؤدي إلى سوء السلوك‬
.‫• يكافأ الموظفون على السلوك األخالقي‬
.‫• ال تكافئ المنظمة النجاح الذي تم الحصول عليه من خالل وسائل مشكوك فيها‬
.‫• يشعر الموظفون بإيجابية تجاه شركتهم‬

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 Corporate Ethics
Officer
Also called a corporate compliance officer •

Provides an organization with vision and leadership in the area of business •

conduct

Ideally a senior-level manager who reports directly to the CEO •

:Responsibilities •
Ensuring compliance with ethical procedures •

Creating and maintaining the ethics culture envisioned by the highest •

level of corporate authority
Serving as the key contact person for ethics issues •
‫من الناحية المثالية مدير رفيع المستوى‬ ‫زود المنظمة بالرؤية والقيادة في مجال سلوك العمل‬ ‫ضا مسؤول االمتثال المؤسسي‬
ً ‫يطلق عليه أي‬ •
‫يقدم تقاريره مباشرة إلى الرئيس التنفيذي‬
‫خلق والحفاظ على ثقافة األخالق التي يتصورها أعلى مستوى من سلطة الشركة‬ ‫ضمان االمتثال لإلجراءات األخالقية‬ : ‫المسؤوليات‬ •
‫العمل كشخص االتصال الرئيسي لقضايا األخالق‬

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 Ethical Standards Set by Board of
Directors
Conduct themselves according to the highest standards •
of personal and professional integrity
Set the standard for company-wide ethical conduct •
Ensure compliance with laws and regulations •
:Create an environment in which employees can •
Seek advice about business conduct •
Raise issues •
Report misconduct •
‫ضمان االمتثال‬ ‫ضع معيا ًرا للسلوك األخالقي على مستوى الشركة‬ ‫التصرف وفقًا ألعلى معايير النزاهة الشخصية والمهنية‬ •
‫للقوانين واللوائح‬
‫اإلبالغ عن سوء السلوك‬ ‫رفع القضايا‬ ‫اطلب المشورة بشأن سلوك العمل‬ :‫خلق بيئة يمكن للمو‡ظفين فيها‬ •

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 Corporate Code of
Ethics
:A code of ethics •
Highlights an organization’s key ethical issues •

Identifies the overarching values and principles important to the organization and •
its decision making
:Organizational code of ethics should •
Apply to directors, officers, and employees •
Focus employees on areas of ethical risk •
Offer guidance to help employees recognize and deal with ethical issues •
Provide mechanisms for reporting unethical conduct •
Foster a culture of honesty and accountability •
:‫مدونة األخالق‬ •
‡‫يسلط الضوء على القضايا األخالقية الرئيسية للمؤسسة‬ •
‫يحدد القيم والمبادئ الشاملة المهمة للمنظمة وصنع القرار فيها‬ •
:‫يجب أن تكون مدونة األخالقيات التنظيمية‬ •
‫تنطبق على المديرين والمسؤولين والموظفين‬ •
‫ركز الموظفين على مجاالت المخاطر األخالقية‬ •
‫تقديم إرشادات لمساعدة الموظفين على التعرف على القضايا األخالقية والتعامل معها‬ •
‫توفير آليات لإلبالغ عن السلوك غير األخالقي‬ •
‫تعزيز ثقافة الصدق والمساءلة‬ •

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 Social
Audit
Organization reviews its ethical and social responsibility goals, and •
.communicates its goals for the upcoming year
:Information is shared with •
Employees •
Investors •
Market analysts •
Customers •
Suppliers •
Government agencies •
Community •
.‫ وتنقل أهدافها للعام المقبل‬، ‫تقوم المنظمة بمراجعة أهداف مسؤوليتها األخالقية واالجتماعية‬ •
:‫تتم مشاركة المعلومات مع‬ •
‫الموظفين المستثمرون محللو السوق عمالء‬ •
‫الموردين وكاالت الحكومة تواصل اجتماعي‬ •
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 Ethics Training for
:A Employees
comprehensive ethics education program •
Encourages employees to act ethically •
Shows employees examples of how to apply the code of •
ethics in real life
:Goals of ethics training •
Encourage employees to report any misconduct •
Show employees effective ways of reporting incidents •
Reassure employees that such feedback will be acted on and •
that they will not be subjected to retaliation

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 Ethical Criteria in Employee
Appraisals
Treating others fairly and with respect •
Operating effectively in a multicultural environment •
Accepting personal accountability for meeting business •
needs
Continually developing others and themselves •
Operating openly and honestly with suppliers, •
customers, and other employees

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 Manager’s Checklist for Establishing
an Ethical Work Environment
QUESTION YES NO
• Does your organization have a code of ethics?
• Do employees know how and to whom to report any infractions
of the code of ethics?
• Do employees feel that they can report violations of the code of
ethics safely and without fear of retaliation?
• Do employees feel that action will be taken against those who
violate the code of ethics?
• Do senior managers set an example by communicating the code
of ethics and using it in their own decision making?
• Do managers evaluate and provide feedback to employees on
how they operate with respect to the values and principles in
the code of ethics?
• Are employees aware of sanctions for breaching the code of
ethics?
• Do employees use the code of ethics in their decision making?
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 Five-Step Ethical Decision-Making
Process
Develop a problem statement .1
A clear, concise description of the issue •
”Don’t make assumptions; verify “facts •
Identify alternatives .2
Enlist help of others •
Choose alternative .3

Defensible and •
consistent;
consider impact on
others
Implement .4
decision
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 Concerns About the Ethical Use of Information
Technology

Surveillance of citizens by governments •

Email and Internet access monitoring at work •
Music and movies downloaded in violation of •
copyright laws
Unsolicited email and text messages •
Identify theft by hackers •
Plagiarism by students •
Cookies and spyware used to track users’ online •
purchases and activities

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 Summary, Part
1 is ethics •
?What

Ethics: A code of behavior defined by the group to which one belongs •

Morals: Personal principles upon which an individual bases decisions about •
right and wrong
A person who acts with integrity acts in accordance with a personal code of •
.principles
Law: A system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do •
Code of ethics: States the principles and core values essential to •
one’s work
.An activity may be legal but still not be ethical •

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 Summary, Part
2
What trends have increased the likelihood of unethical •
? behavior
More complex work environments make it more difficult to •
. apply principles and codes of ethics consistently
Organizations may resort to unethical behavior to maintain •
. profits in an uncertain economic climate
Highly successful individuals may fail to act in morally •
. appropriate ways

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 Summary, Part
3
What is corporate social responsibility (CSR), and why is fostering good business ethics •
?important

CSR: An organization takes responsibility for the impact of its actions •

Supply chain sustainability: Meets current needs without compromising the ability •
of future generations to meet their needs

:Reasons to foster CSR and good business ethics •

Gain the goodwill of the community-
Create an organization that operates consistently-
Foster good business practices-
Protect the organization and employees from legal action-
Avoid unfavorable publicity-

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 Summary, Part
4
What measures can organizations take to improve their •
?business ethics
.Appoint a corporate ethics officer •
Require the board of directors to set and •
.model high ethical standards •
.Establish a corporate code of ethics •
.Conduct social audits •
.Require employees to take ethics training •
.Include ethical criteria in employee appraisals •
.Create and ethical work environment •

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 Summary, Part
5
How can you include ethical considerations in your •
? decision making
:Use a five-step model for decision making •
Define the problem .1
Identify alternatives .2
Choose an alternative .3
Implement the decision .4
Monitor the results .5
Incorporate ethical considerations •
:into decision making •
.Weigh laws, guidelines, and principals-
.Consider the impact of the decision-
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 Summary, Part
6
What trends have increased the risk that information •
? technology will be used in an unethical manner
The growth of the Internet and social networks •
,The ability to capture, store •
and analyze vast amounts •
of personal data •
A greater reliance on information •
systems in all aspects of life •
The importance of ethics and •
human values has been •
underemphasized •
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