1. What are the measures of central tendency ?

2. Identify mode in this data sample

Some 14, 14, 12, 10, 9, 8, 14, 12, 15, 17,14,7,14

questions 3. What are the three types of kurtosis (types of

graphs)
4. What is skewness ? Types

to revise 5. Find the mean, median and standard deviation

145, 136, 198, 115, 128, 156 , 174
Parametric and Non-parametric tests
PSY 451 : Psychological experiments and statistics

UNIT 2  Introduction to Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing

Normal distribution

•The normal distribution describes how the

values of a variable are distributed.
•It is a symmetric distribution where most of
the observations cluster around the central peak
and the probabilities for values further away
from the mean taper off equally in both
directions.

(Image source : Khan academy ,n.d)

 • An assessment of the normality of data is a prerequisite for
many statistical tests because normal data is an underlying
assumption in parametric testing.
• The main tests for the assessment of normality are

TESTS OF •
Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test : This test is used as a test of

NORMALITY goodness of fit and is ideal when the size of the sample is
larger (above 2000).
• Shapiro-Wilk test : for smaller sample sizes less than 2000

• If p < 0.05, we don't believe that our variable follows a

normal distribution in our population. (95 percent
confidence interval)
Parametric and non- parametric
tests

Parametric tests are those that make

assumptions about the parameters of
the population distribution from which
the sample is drawn. This is often the
assumption that the population data are
normally distributed.
Non-parametric tests are those when
the parameters of the population is not
known and is not normally distributed.
They do not rely on any distribution
 Parametric and nonparametric are two broad
classifications of statistical procedures.
Parametric tests are based on
assumptions about the distribution of Nonparametric tests do not rely on
the underlying population from which assumptions about the shape or
the sample was taken. The most common parameters of the underlying population
parametric assumption is that data are distribution
approximately normally distributed.
If the data deviate strongly from the assumptions of a parametric
procedure, using the parametric procedure could lead to incorrect
conclusions.

In such cases non-parametric tests are often a good option.

Differences of parametric and non parametric tests

S :no Parametric Non parametric

1 No assumptions are made

Specific assumptions are made about the
population

2 Test statistic is based on distribution Test statistic is arbitrary

3
Variables of interest is done on interval or ratio Variables of interest is measured on nominal or ordinal scale
level

4
Measure of central tendency in the parametric test is Measure of central tendency in the nonparametric test is median.
mean

5
Complete information about the population No information about the population
Non-parametric tests and its parametric
equivalents

: (Ahmed, Sakir & Dhooria, Aadhaar. (2020)

•arametric-tests
 References

• Ahmed, Sakir & Dhooria, Aadhaar. (2020). Pitfalls in statistical analysis – A Reviewers' perspective. Indian Journal of Rheumatology. 15. 39.

10.4103/injr.injr_32_20.

• Coolican, H. (2014). Research methods and statistics in psychology (6th ed.). Psychology Press.

• Normal distributions review (article). (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2021, from

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/modeling-distributions-of-data/normal-distributions-library/a/normal-distributions-revie
w

• Testing for Normality using SPSS Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2021, from

https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/testing-for-normality-using-spss-statistics.php