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DEMOGRAPHY

PGCN
Objectives
By the completion of this unit students will be
able to:
Recognize the elements of demography.
Identify demographic indicator.
Discuss the vital statistics agent of change.
Discuss the demographic transition and its
stages.
Recognize the impact of demography on
health of community.
Discuss the term ‘population pyramid and its
relationship to the growth of population.
Demography
Definition:
Demography is the science that studies
human population.
Demography has been defined as the
statistical study of the characteristics of
human populations, especially with reference
to size and density, growth, distribution,
migration and vital statistics, and the effect of
all these on social and economic conditions.
Why do we study Demography?

• Demographic data and vital statistics are useful

tools in:
• Determining a community’s health status
• Deciding what’s the best way for providing
health services
• Planning a public health programs, for example:
• How many health units do we need?
• How to distribute them in the community in order
to be accessible to the target population?
• What type of manpower is needed?
• Evaluating a health program’s effectiveness
Elements of Demography
Three main elements:
Size of population (census)
Composition
Distribution
Key words related Demography
 Size refers to the number persons in the
population
 Distribution refers to the arrangement of
the population in space at a given time
 Structure is the distribution of population
among its sex & age groupings
 Change is the growth or decline of the
total population or one of its structural units.
The components of change total population
are births, deaths, & migrations
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Age-Sex Composition of a population refers to the
proportion of males & females in different age-
groups. It has a direct bearing on social, economic,
health needs of communities or countries. In an “old”
population, for example, the society has to arrange
for the care of the elderly, & the country’s health
system must be organized accordingly. In a “young”
population, on the other hand, the country has to
provide more schools, immunizations, & economic
support for the young
Net-Migration refers to the total number of persons
added or subtracted from a population as a result of
the combined effect of immigration & emigration
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 Urbanization refers to mass migration of rural
population into urban centers resulting in
increasing the urban population & growth of
cities
 Population Growth Rate (% per/ year) is the
rate at which a given population is expected to
increase in a given period of time.
 Population Doubling Time refers to the time
that would take for a population to double.
Because the population increase is on the
compound interest formula, a 1% per year
increase would cause the population to double in
about 70 years. If the population is increasing at
3% per year, than the doubling time will be 23.3
years
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Population Pyramid is a pictorial presentation of the
age-sex composition of a population
Replacement Level Fertility (or Zero population
growth) is activated when a couple has two births
during their reproductive life, just enough to
replace themselves.
 At a community scale, the replacement level is
considered when there are, on the average, 2.1
births per woman, to compensate for child deaths
Momentum of Population Growth is the
characteristic of population growth when a sharp
decline in births does not bring in an immediate
reduction in natural increase.
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Demographic Factors
Factors that influence population
include:
Fertility (births),
Mortality (deaths) and
Migration
DEMOGRAPHY

Composition of population --- ethnic, age, sex

(also, how many are non-citizens)

Distribution
--- % rural, % urban, % suburban.
Also, how many citizens live overseas

Growth --- rapid growth, slow growth,

population decline
DEMOGRAPHY
Population is affected by fertility, mortality and
migration rates

Final population = Initial population + (Births –

Deaths) + (Immigration – Emigration)
Population Census
The population size is determined by
counting the inhabitants and their
characteristics periodically.
This census is of importance for each
country for planning purposes and is usually
done every 10 years.
Sex, age, religion, occupation, marital status,
composition of family, nationality, level of
education, economic characteristics etc. are
investigated in the census.
WHATE IS HEALTH STATISTICS?

Health statistics are numbers about some

aspect of health . Statistics about births,
deaths, marriages, and divorces are
sometimes called "vital statistics."
Researchers use statistics to see patterns
of diseases in groups of people.
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Purpose:-
1) Community Health: To describe the level of
community health, to diagnose community illness & to
discover solutions to health problems.
2) Administrative purpose: It provides clues for
administrative action to create administrative
standards of health activities.
3) Health programmed organization: To determine
success or failure of specific health programmed or
undertake overall evaluation of public health work.
4) Legislation purpose: To promote health legislation
at local, state,& national level.
5) Government Purpose: To developed, policies,
procedure at state and central level.

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Uses:-
To evaluate the impact of various National
Health Programme.
 To plan for better future measures of disease
control.
 To explain the hereditary nature of the
disease.
To plan and evaluate economic and social
development.
It is a primary tool in research activities.
 To determine the health status of individual.
 To compare the health status of individual
one nation with others.

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Sources of Vital Statistics:-
1. Civil Registration System.
2. National Sample Survey.
3. Sample Registration System. .
A few important sources for demographic data
have emerged. These are National Family Health
Surveys(NFHS) and the District Levels Household
Surveys(DLHS) conducted for evaluation of
reproductive and child health programmers. NFHS
provide estimates of no. of fertility, child mortality
and a no. of health parameters relating to infants
and children at state level. The DLHS provide
information at the district level on a no. of
indicators relating to child health, reproductive
health problems and quality of services
availability to them. 08/20/22
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Statistics
 What is the infant mortality rate in Pakistan?
 The statistic shows the infant mortality rate in
Pakistan from 2007 to 2017. In 2017, the infant
mortality rate in Pakistan was at about 61.2
deaths per 1,000 live births.
 Maternal mortality rate: 178 deaths/100,000 live
births (2015 est.)
 The current population of Pakistan is 202,591,693
as of Monday, December 24, 2018, based on the
latest United Nations estimates. Pakistan
population is equivalent to 2.63% of the total
world population.
 Life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2016)66/67
Pakistan Life Expectancy 1950-2022 | MacroTre
nds
https://www.macrotrends.net
 › countries › PAK › life-e...

Year Life Expectancy Growth Rate

2022 67.64 0.230%

2021 67.48 0.230%

2020 67.33 0.230%

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 A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT;
A GLOBAL assessment published by Unicef in
February highlighted that a baby born in
Pakistan is 50 times more likely to die in its first
month than a baby born in Iceland, Japan or
Singapore. One newborn out of every 22 in
Pakistan dies within the first month, meaning 46
out of 1,000 newborn babies die within the first
month of their life.
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Pakistan ranks 154th among 195 countries in
terms of quality and accessibility of
healthcare, according to a Lancet study.
According to the study Pakistan has seen
improvement in healthcare access and quality
since 1990, with its HAQ index increasing from
26.8 in 1990 to 37.6 in 2016.
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