QUENNIE MAE V. RHENALIE ROSE N.

JAYJAN C. UBALES IREAN B. GERODIAS JOCELYN L. DIGMAN

DELAMENTE SALINAS

Group 2
Topics:
• Various Mode of Data Presentation
• Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data
• Methods of Data Collection
• Types of Data
VARIOUS MODE OF DATA
PRESENTATION

QUENNIE MAE V. DELAMENTE

Reporter
 What is Data
Presentation?
◉ Data Presentation is defined as the process of using various
graphical formats to visually represent the relationship between
two or more data sets so that an informed decision can be based on
them.
◉ This refer to the organization of data into tables, graphs or charts,
so that logical and statistical conclusion can be derived from the
collected measurement.

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Methods of Data
Presentation
 Textual Presentation
 Tabular Presentation
 Diagrammatic/ Graphical Presentation

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Textual Presentation of
Data
The data gathered are
presented in paragraph form.
Data are written and read.
It is a combination of text and
figures.

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Textual Presentation of
Data
Example:
Of the 150-sample interview, the
following complaints were noted: 27
for lack of books in the library, 25 for a
dirty playground, 20 for lack of
laboratory equipment, 17 for a not
well-maintained university building.

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 Tabular Presentation of Data
Method presenting data using the statistical
table.
A systematic organization of data in
columns and rows.

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Tabular of Data and Parts of the Table
1. Table Number- it is assigned to a table for
identification purpose. If more than one table is
presented, it is the table number that distinguishes
one table from another. It is given at the top or at the
beginning of the title of the table.
2. Title- the title of a table narrates about the contents of
the table. It must be clear, brief and carefully
worded so that the interpretation made from the table
are clear and free from ambiguity.

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Tabular of Data and Parts of
Table
3. Caption or Column Headings – At the top of each
column in a table a column designation is given to
explain figures of the column.
4. Stubs or Row Headings – Like caption or column
heading, each row of the table must be given a
heading. The designations of the rows are also called
stubs or stub items, and the complete left column is
known as tub column. A brief description of the row
heading may also be given at the left-hand top in the
table.
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Tabular of Data and Parts of
Table
5. Body of the Table- this is the main part, and it contains
the actual data. Location of any one figure/data in the table
is fixed and determined by the row and column of the table.
6. Source – it is a brief statement or phrase indicating the
source of data presented. It is generally written at the
bottom of the table.
7. Note- it is the last part of the table. It explains the specific
feature of the data content of the table which is not self
explanatory and has not been explained earlier.

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Table
E Table Number Title

XTable 4.5 Population of India according to workers and non-workers by gender and location, 2001
Column Headings/ Captions
A
Location Gender Workers Non- Total
M Main Marginal Total
workers

Body of the Table

Row Heading/ Stub

Male 17 3 20 18 38
Rural

L Female
Total
6
23
5
8
11
31
25
43
36
74

E Male 7 1 8 7 15
Urban

Female 1 0 1 12 13
Total 8 1 9 19 28

Male 24 4 28 25 53
Female 7 5 12 37 49
All

Total 31 9 40 62 102
Source: Census of India 2001
Note: Figures are rounded to nearest crore
Source
Note
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Diagrammatic/ Graphical Presentation
 It is referring to the use of charts and graphs to visually
display, analyze, clarify, and interpret numerical
data, functions, and other qualitative structures.

  is a visual form of presenting statistical data

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Types of Graphical Presentation

• Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the

category of data and it compares the data using
solid bars to represent the quantities.

• Frequency Table – The table shows the number

of pieces of data that falls within the given
interval.

• Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is

used to display the continuous data and it is
useful for predicting future events over time.
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Types of Graphical Presentation

• Histograms – The graph that uses bars to

represent the frequency of numerical data
that are organized into intervals. Since all
the intervals are equal and continuous, all
the bars have the same width.

• Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart

that shows the relationships of the parts of
the whole. The circle is considered with
100% and the categories occupied is
represented with that specific percentage
like 15%, 56%, etc.
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15
 GRAPHICAL
PRESENTATION OF
QUALITATIVE DATA

JAYJAN C. UBALES
Reporter
DEFINE

Graphical Presentation of Data

 It refers to the use of charts and graphs to visually display, analyze, clarify, and
interpret numerical data, functions, and other qualitative structures.

 The use of intuitive charts to clearly visualize and simplify data sets. Data is
ingested into graphical representation of data software and then represented by
a variety of symbols, such as lines on a line chart, bars on a bar chart, or slices
on a pie chart, from which users can gain greater insight than by numerical
analysis alone. 

‍ 17
DEFINE

Qualitative Data
 The data describing the attributes or properties that an object
possesses. The properties are categorized into classes that may be
assigned numeric values.

 It describes qualities or characteristics. It is collected using questionnaires,

interviews, or observation, and frequently appears in narrative form. The data
may be in the form of descriptive words that can be examined for patterns or
meaning, sometimes through the use of coding.
‍

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 GRAPHICAL
PRESENTATION OF
QUALITATIVE DATA

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Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data

“a picture is worth a thousand words”

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Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data
Common Methods for Graphically Displaying
Qualitative Data

 Bar Graphs

 Pie Charts‍

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 Bar Charts for Qualitative Data
Most common types of Bar Chart

Simple Bar Chart

Multiple Bar Chart
Component Bar Chart

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 Simple Bar Charts for Qualitative Data
Simple Bar Chart
Simple Bar Chart consist of horizontal or vertical bars of equal widths and
lengths proportional to the values they represent.
It displays graphically the same information concerning qualitative data that a
frequency distribution shows in tabular form.

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Simple Bar Charts for Qualitative Data

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 Multiple Bar Charts for Qualitative Data
Multiple Bar Chart
Multiple Bar Chart shows two or more characteristics corresponding to values
of a common variable in the form of a grouped bars, whose lengths are
proportional to the values of the characteristics.

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Multiple Bar Charts for Qualitative Data
Creating a graph that displays the population growth (in millions) in the table
below.

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Component Bar Charts for Qualitative Data
Component Bar Chart

A bar is divided into two or more sections, proportional in size to the

component parts of a total displayed by each bar.

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Component Bar Charts for Qualitative Data

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 Pie Charts for Qualitative Data
Pie Chart
A Pie – Chart is a graph consisting of a circle divided into sectors whose
areas are proportional to the various parts into which whole quantity is
divided.

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Pie Charts for Qualitative Data

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Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data
How Important

A Graphic visual representation of information is a crucial component in

understanding and identifying patterns and trends in the ever increasing flow
of data. Graphical representation enables the quick analysis of large amounts
of data at one time and can aid in making predictions and informed
decisions.
Enables the quick analysis of large amounts of data at one time and can aid
in making predictions and informed decisions.

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METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION

RHENALIE ROSE NARA SALINAS

TEACHER I
PANAYTAY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Reporter
 TELL ME... .

WHAT DATA GATHERING METHOD WILL

YOU USE?

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1.)To understand the general characteristics or opinions of
a group of people.

a. experiment
b. interview
c. survey

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2.)To gain an in-depth understanding of perceptions or
opinions on a topic.

a. experiment
b. interview
c. survey

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3.)To test a causal relationship. Manipulate variables and
measure their effects on others.

a. experiment
b. interview
c. survey

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37
CORRECT ANSWERS:

1.) c. survey
2.) b. interview
3.) a. experiment

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WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?

DATA COLLECTION is a systematic process of

gathering observations or measurements. Whether you
are performing research for business, governmental or
academic purposes, data collection allows you to gain
first-hand knowledge and original insights into your 
research problem and even in statistical analysis.

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 Important Things to Remember:
Before you begin collecting data, you need to consider
the following:

• The aim of the research/study

• The type of data that you will collect
• The methods and procedures you will use to collect, store,
and process the data.

 To collect high-quality data that is relevant to your purposes.

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 THERE ARE FOUR STEPS TO CONSIDER IN THE
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE AS FOLLOWS:

 Step 1: Define the aim of your research

 Step 2: Choose your data collection method
 Step 3: Plan your data collection procedures
 Step 4: Collect the data

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 Step 1: Define the aim of your
research/study
 Before you start the process of data collection, you need to
identify exactly what you want to achieve. You can start by
writing a problem statement: what is the practical or scientific
issue that you want to address and why does it matter.

 Next, formulate one or more research questions that precisely

define what you want to find out. Depending on your research
questions, you might need to collect
 quantitative or qualitative data.
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 Step 2: Choose your data collection
method
 Based on the data you want to collect, decide which method is best
suited for your research. Some examples are the following:
• Experimental research is primarily a quantitative method.
• Interviews/focus groups and ethnography are qualitative methods.
• Surveys, observations, archival research and secondary data collection
can be quantitative or qualitative methods.

 Carefully consider what method you will use to gather data that helps you
directly answer your research questions
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 Data Collection Methods
Method When to use
Experiment To test a causal relationship.
Survey To understand the general characteristics
or opinions of a group of people.
Interview/focus group To gain an in-depth understanding of
perceptions or opinions on a topic.
Observation To understand something in its natural
setting.
Ethnography To study the culture of a community or
organization first-hand.
Archival research To understand current or historical events, Access manuscripts, documents or
conditions or practices.
Secondary data collection To analyze data from populations that you Find existing datasets that have already
can’t access first-hand.
How to collect data
Manipulate variables and measure their
effects on others.
Distribute a list of questions to a sample
online, in person or over-the-phone.
Verbally ask participants open-ended
questions in individual interviews or focus
group discussions.
Measure or survey a sample without trying
to affect them.
Join and participate in a community and
record your observations and reflections.
records from libraries, depositories or the
internet.
been collected, from sources such as
government agencies or research
organizations.
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 Step 3: Plan your data collection
procedures
 When you know which method(s) you are using, you need to
plan exactly how you will implement them. What procedures
will you follow to make accurate observations or
measurements of the variables you are interested in.

 For instance, if you’re conducting surveys or interviews, decide

what form the questions will take; if you’re conducting an
experiment, make decisions about your experimental design.
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 Step 4: Collect the data
 Finally, you can implement your chosen methods to measure
or observe the variables you are interested in.
 To ensure that high quality data is recorded in a systematic
way, here are some best practices:
 Record all relevant information as and when you obtain
data.
 Double-check manual data entry for errors.
 If you collect quantitative data, you can assess the 
reliability and validity to get an indication of your data
quality.
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TYPES OF DATA

IREAN B. GERODIAS
JOCELYN L. DIGMAN
Reporter
4 Types of Data

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49
Nominal Data
Nominal Data are observed, not measured, are unordered,
non-equidistant and have no meaningful zero

Nominal data (also known as nominal scale) is a type of data

that is used to label variables without providing any
quantitative value. It is the simplest form of a scale of
measure.

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X
A
M
PL
E
S

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X
A
M
PL
E
S

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The only mathematical or logical operations you can
perform on Nominal variables is to say that an
observation is (or is not) the same as another (equality
or inequality), and you can use this information to
group them together.

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54
With Nominal variables you can calculate the following:
· Frequencies - count how many you have in each category
· Proportions - determine how often something happens by dividing
the frequency by the total number of events
· Percentages - transform the proportions to percentages by
multiplying by 100
· Central point - you can determine the most common item by finding
the mode (do you remember this from High School classes?).

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For example, if we have a bag of red, blue and green marbles,
let's work out the statistics:
 
Frequencies: 10 red, 15 blue, 5 green
Proportions: total = 30, so red proportion is 10/30, blue proportion
is 15/30 and green proportion is 5/30
Percentages: percentage of red marbles is 100*10/30, blue
marbles is 100*15/30 and green is 100*5/30
Central point - the mode, the most common, marble in the bag is
the blue marble.

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ORDINAL DATA

Ordinal data is a type

of categorical data in
which the values
follow a natural order

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 Ordinal data classifies data while introducing an order, or
ranking. For instance, measuring economic status using the
hierarchy: ‘wealthy’, ‘middle income’ or ‘poor.’ However,
there is no clearly defined interval between these categories.

 Ordinal data is a type of qualitative (non-numeric) data that

groups variables into descriptive categories. A distinguishing
feature of ordinal data is that the categories it uses are
ordered on some kind of hierarchical scale, e.g. high to low.
On the levels of measurement, ordinal data comes second in
complexity, directly after nominal data.
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KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF ORDINAL DATA
• Ordinal data are categorical (non-numeric) but may use
numbers as labels.
• Ordinal data are always placed into some kind of
hierarchy or order (hence the name ‘ordinal’—a good
tip for remembering what makes it unique!)
• While ordinal data are always ranked, the values do not
have an even distribution.
• Using ordinal data, you can calculate the following
summary statistics: frequency distribution, mode and
median, and the range of variables.
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What are some examples of ordinal data?

What are some examples of ordinal data?

• Economic status (poor, middle income, wealthy)
• Income level in non-equally distributed ranges ($10K-$20K, $20K-$35K, $35K-
$100K)
• Course grades (A+, A-, B+, B-, C)
• Education level (Elementary, High School, College, Graduate, Post-graduate)
• Likert scales (Very satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied)
• Military ranks (Colonel, Brigadier General, Major General, Lieutenant General)
• Age (child, teenager, young adult, middle-aged, retiree)
As is hopefully clear by now, ordinal data is an imprecise but nevertheless useful
way of measuring and ordering data based on its characteristics.

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X
A
M
PL
E
S

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How is ordinal data collected and what is it used for?
Ordinal data are usually collected via surveys or
questionnaires. Any type of question that ranks
answers using an explicit or implicit scale can be used
to collect ordinal data.

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An example might be:
• Question: Which best describes your knowledge of
the Python programming language?
• Possible answers: Beginner, Basic, Intermediate,
Advanced, Expert.
• Question: To what extent do you agree that data
analytics is the most important job for the 21st
century? Possible answers: Strongly agree, Agree,
Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree.

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How is ordinal data used?

Ordinal data are commonly used for collecting

demographic information. This is particularly prevalent
in sectors like finance, marketing, and insurance, but it
is also used by governments, e.g. the census, and is
generally common when conducting customer
satisfaction surveys (in any industry).

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65
 Discrete Data

Discrete data is a count that involves integers.

Only a limited number of values is possible. The
discrete values cannot be subdivided into parts. 

For example, the number of children in a school is

discrete data. You can count whole individuals.
You can’t count 1.5 kids.
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 Discrete Data
So, discrete data can take only
certain values. The data variables
cannot be divided into smaller
parts.

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 Discrete data key characteristics:
• You can count the data. It is usually units counted in whole
numbers.
• The values cannot be divided into smaller pieces and add
additional meaning.
• You cannot measure the data. By nature, discrete data cannot
be measured at all. For example, you can measure your weight
with the help of a scale. So, your weight is not a discrete data.
• It has a limited number of possible values e.g. days of the
month.
• Discrete data is graphically displayed by a bar graph.
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 Examples of Discrete Data

The number of students in a class.

The number of workers in a company.
Shoe sizes.
Number of languages an individual speaks.
The number of home runs in a baseball game.
The number of test questions you answered correctly.
Instruments in a shelf.
The number of siblings a randomly selected individual
has.
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 Continuous Data
Continuous data is considered as the opposite of
discrete data.
is information that could be meaningfully divided into
finer levels. It can be measured on a scale or continuum
and can have almost any numeric value. For example,
you can measure your height at very precise scales —
meters, centimeters, millimeters and etc.
You can record continuous data at so many different
measurements – width, temperature, time, and etc. This
is where the key difference with discrete data lies.
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 Continuous data key characteristics:
- In general, continuous variables are not counted.
- The values can be subdivided into smaller and
smaller pieces and they have additional meaning.
- The continuous data is measurable.
- It has an infinite number of possible values within an
interval.
- Continuous data is graphically displayed by
histograms.
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 Examples of Continuous Data

The amount of time required to complete a project.

The height of children.
The amount of time it takes to sell shoes.
The amount of rain, in inches, that falls in a storm.
The square footage of a two-bedroom house.
The weight of a truck.
The speed of cars.
Time to wake up.

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s:
 https://www.vedantu.com
 https://www.omnisci.com/technical-glossary/graphical-representation
 https://byjus.com/maths/graphical-representation/
 https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/kest104.pdf
 https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Statistics_Using_Technology_(Kozak)/02%3A_Graphical_D
escriptions_of_Data/2.01%3A_Qualitative_
 https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/geometry/bar-graph
 https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/descriptive-statistics/pie-chart/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-statistics/chapter/frequency-distributions-for-qualitative-data/
 https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/bar-graphs.html
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDlhY9ceyo8&t=98s
 https://byjus.com/maths/data-collection-methods/#:~:text=What%20is%20Data%20Collection%3F%20In%20Statistics%2C%20data%20c
ollection,to%20conclude%20an%20answer%20to%20the%20relevant%20question
. Retrieved on: September 30, 2021
 https://www.slideshare.net/ludymae/chapter-9methods-of-data-collection Retrieved on: September 30, 2021
 https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/data-analytics/what-is-ordinal-data
 https://byjus.com/maths/types-of-data-in-statistics
 https://www.upgrad.com/blog/types-of-data
 Discrete vs Continuous Data: Definition, Examples and Difference (intellspot.com)
 Discrete and Continuous Data - ppt download
(slideplayer.com)

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For Listening!

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