Nursing Theory - The Basis For Professional Nursing

1
08/20/2022 Mini-lecture Presentation

2
Topic
Nursing Theory: The Basis for Professional Nursing
Course: Professionalism/MSN 201
Presented By
MIS.nusrat jahan MSN 200208
Shafali MSN 200503
Nursing Theory: The Basis for Professional Nursing

08/20/2022
LEARNING OUTCOMES 3
After the presentation we will be able to learn
 what is philosophy, conceptual frameworks, theory, and middle-range theory.

Consider how selected nursing theoretical works guide the practice of nursing.

Understand how nursing philosophy or theory shapes the curriculum in schools of nursing
Role of nursing theory for different levels of nursing education.
 Describe the function of nursing theory in research and practice.
08/20/2022 Nursing Theory: The Basis for Professional Nursing

Introduction 4
Nursing Theory Latin “a viewing”; Greek “contemplating”
A body of knowledge shaped by how nurses see the world
A group of related concepts, definitions & statements that propose a

view of nursing phenomena from which to describe, explain or predict
outcomes
Abstract ideas
Theory 5
A set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that

project a systematic view of a phenomena
It may consist of one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts

and propositions that purport to account for, or organize some
phenomenon (Barnum, 1988)
Components of theory 6
Concepts – ideas and mental images that help to describe phenomena

(Alligood and Marriner-Tomey, 2002)
Definitions – convey the general meaning of the concepts
Assumptions – statements that describe concepts
Phenomenon – aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or

experienced (Meleis, 1997).
7

Why is Theory Important? 8
Nursing is strengthened when knowledge is built on sound theory
Criteria to be a profession: distinct body of knowledge as the basis

for practice
Nursing must be viewed as a scholarly academic discipline hat

contributes to society
Ultimate goal is to support excellence in practice

Theory Guides the Professional Nurse in…. 9
Organizing and analyzing patient data
 Understanding connections between pieces of data
Discriminating between important and less pertinent data
 Making sound clinical judgments based on evidence
Planning effective nursing interventions
Predicting and evaluating outcomes of interventions

Definition of Terms 10
Metaparadigm the major concepts or abstract ideas of the discipline; most important to
practice and research
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing
Philosophy a set of beliefs about the nature of how things work and how the world
should be viewed; begins to put together some or all concepts of the metaparadigm
Cont… 11
Conceptual Model or Framework a more specific organization of

nursing phenomena than philosophies; provide an organizational
structure that makes clearer connections between concepts
Propositions statements that describe linkages between concepts and

are more prescriptive; they propose an outcome that is testable in
practice and research

Cont…. 12

Nightingale’s Philosophy 13

cont… 14
Often considered the first nurse theorist
Defined nursing as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him
in his recovery”.
Nightingale’s theory remains an integral part of nursing and healthcare today

15
5 Factors for a Healthy Environment:
 Pure or fresh air
 Pure water
 Efficient drainage
 Cleanliness
 Light,
16
Nightingale’s general concepts of Environmental Sanitation includes:
 Proper Ventilation
 Adequate Lighting
 Cleanliness
 Adequate Warmth
 Quiet
 Diet
17
Nursing Practice :
The principles of Nursing Practice by FN are continuously used to this very day. With the advent
of technology and with it globalization, comes threats from the environment.
Global Warming
Industrial Noise
Air Pollution
Fat Diets
Varity

Using Nightingale’s philosophy in Practice 18
• Nurses of today still needs to:
Maintain Adequate Ventilation
 Promote Adequate & Appropriate Nutrition
 Maintain Normal Homeostatic Body Temperature
 Observe Basic Hygiene
 Comfort Measures including Environmental Sanitation

Henderson’s Philosophy 19

Cont… 20
Definition:-
“Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those

activities contributing to health or it’s recovery (or to peaceful death)
that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge”..

14 basic needs 21
1. Breathing normally
2. Eating and drinking adequately
3. Eliminating body wastes
4. Moving and maintaining desirable position
5. Sleeping and resting
6. Selecting suitable clothes
7. Maintaining body temperature within normal range
8. Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
Cont… 22
9. Avoiding dangers in the environment

10. Communicating with others 11. Worshipping according to one’s
faith
12. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment

13. Playing/participating in various forms of recreation
14. Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal

development and health and using available health facilities
Using Henderson’s philosophy in Practice 23
Patients ability to perform the 14 basic needs should be assessed before

considering the kind of nursing care function you will administer. Essential to
determine if the Nurse will be performing as a HELPER, DOER or a PARTNER
Nursing interventions are implemented according to the 14 basic human needs

of the patient. The degree of performance , involvement of the pt. and the level
of nursing activity will be dependent on the specific role the nurse will be playing

Watson’s Philosophy 24

Cont… 25
 Nursing is concerned with promotion health, preventing illness, caring

for the sick, and restoring health.
 Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness
experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific,
esthetic and ethical human care transactions
 She defined caring as a nurturing way or responding to a valued
client towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of commitment
and responsibility. It is only demonstrated interpersonally that results
in the satisfaction of certain human needs. Caring accepts the person
as what he/she may become in a caring environment

Watson’s 10 caritas process 26
1. Embrace altruistic values and practice loving kindness with self and
others.
2. Instill faith and hope and honor in others.
3. Be sensitive to self and others by nurturing individual beliefs and
practices.
4. Develop helping-trusting-caring relationships.
5. Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you
authentically listen to another’s story.

27
6. Use creative scientific problem-solving methods for caring decision

making.
7. Share teaching and learning that addresses the individual needs and
comprehension styles.
8. Create a healing environment for the physical and spiritual self which
respects human dignity.
9. Assist with basic physical, emotional, and spiritual human needs.
10. Open to mystery and allow miracles to enter

28

29

Orem’s self-care Model 30
Defined Nursing: “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of
self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to

maintain life, health and well-being.
Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus.

31
Identified 3 related concepts:
1. Self-care - activities an Individual performs independently

throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being.
2.Self-care deficit - results when self-care agency (Individual’s ability) is

not adequate to meet the known self-care needs.

32
3.Nursing System - nursing interventions needed when Individual is unable to

perform the necessary self-care activities:
Wholly compensatory - nurse provides entire self-care for the client.
Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering from surgery in a post-
anesthesia care unit 
Partial compensatory - nurse and client perform care, client can perform
selected self-care activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse for needs
the client cannot meet independently.
Example: Nurse can assist post operative
08/20/2022
client to ambulate, Nurse can bring a
Mini-lecture Presentation
33

34
A Theory for Nursing: systems, Concepts, process(1981)
Focused on persons, their interpersonal relationships,andsocial and contexts with three

interacting systems
• Personal
• Interpersonal
• Social
Emphasizes goal attainment and patient’involvement in setting goals.(Goal Attainment

Model)
35

36
Man is a BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL BEING
Four (4) modes of Adaptation –
Physiologic Mode
Self Concept
Role Function
 Interdependence
37
Her Model is best exemplified in the Nursing Process which includes the following steps:
1. Assessment of Behavior
2. Assessment of Stimuli
3. Nursing Diagnosis
4. Goal Setting
5. Intervention
6. Evaluation

Cont….. 38
APPLICATION :
Best applied in the performance of the Nursing Process which is cyclical in nature . The
Assessment component is the Stimuli or Input The Planning & Implementation are the Through
put process . The Evaluation which provides necessary feedback to the Goal of care is the Output.
The N decides what necessary actions should betaken next in the light of the patient’s response
to the Nursing Interventions. This action by the N is Adaptation in its simplest terms Patients
adopt too.
The Nursing interventions we perform ultimately elicits a response from them. Depending on the
nature & extent of the nursing interventions, pts may or may not actually adopt according to our
expectations

39
Theories in Nursing

40

41
Peplau is a psychiatric nurse
–Focus :Therapeutic process
–Attained through: Healthy Nurse-Patient Relationship
Four (4) Phases of Nurse-Patient Interaction
1.Orientation
• Nurse and patient test therole each one assumes
• Prepares patient for termination
• Patient identifies areas of difficulty

42
2. Identification Phase :
Patient identifies with the personnel who can satisfy his needs
3. Exploitation Phase:
Nurse maximizes all there sources to benefit the patient
4. Resolution Phase or Termination Phase :
Occurs when patient’s needs have been met

43
Application :
Significant in terms of the different phases of the N-Pt. interaction & the different ROLES the N
can play in giving nursing care to pts.
It thus becomes important for nurses to understand the principles behind each of these

concepts so that clinical nsg will be more meaningful for the nurse. Eventually , this will translate
to pt. outcomes like :
Improved health
Prevention of Disease pr
Enhancement of care faculties

44

45
• Theory of cultural care

• Founder of Transcultural nursing
• Patients viewed in the context of their cultures
• Nursing care should be culturally congruent
• “Sunrise Model” guides the assessment of cultural data for an
understanding of its influence on the patient’s life

46

47
Nursing is a HUMANISTIC and SCIENTIFIC mode of helping through

CULTURE-SPECIFIC PROCESS
Emphasizes human caring varies among cultures –
• Culture Care Preservation and Maintenance
• Culture Care Accommodation and Negotiation
• Culture Care Restructuring and Re patterning

48

49
The Nursing Process is an interaction of Three Basic Elements:

1. Patient’s Behavior
2. Nurse’s reaction
3. Nursing Actions – designed for the patient’s benefit 
The Role of the Nurse is to find out & meet the Pt’s stat need for help.
Nurse should use his perception, thoughts about the perception or the
feeling engendered from their thoughts to explore with patients the
meaning of their behavior
The use of the theory keeps the Nurses focus on the patient

50
Application:
The Theory increases the Therapeutic Effectiveness of nurses by the
expression of Empathy, Warmth & Genuineness especially in the light
of addressing the Stat Need of the Patient for help.
This framework will be important for Nurse who are assigned in special
clinical areas that requires quick decision making & critical thinking
skills .
If the patient’s condition improved, then the intervention is effective
and the patient moves on to new problems.

51
Middle Range Theory

52

53
Focuses on 10 Categories of determinants of health- Promoting

Behaviors.
 Views a person’s health-promoting behavior in the light of his

individual characteristics & experiences .

54
The10 Determinants are :
1. Prior related behavior
2. Perceived benefits of action
3. Perceived barriers of action
4. Perceived self-efficacy
5. Activity related effect

55
1. Interpersonal Influences (family, friends, providers) norms, support & models
2. Situational Influences ( options, demand characteristics, aesthetics)
3. Immediate competing demands (low control) and preferences (high demand)
4. Commitment to a plan of action–
5. Personal Factors ( Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural)

56
Application:
Health Promotion Activities are the major Focus of Hx Care Organizations .

In order for Patients to take on the Behavior we, Hx care professionals ,
advise them to take, we should carefully looked into a host of factors that
can influence his decision to really adopt the behavior.
It is important for nursing to be ROLE MODELS for the pts.

57

58
The model is based on the Person’s Relationship to Stress ,his Reaction to it and Reconstitution
factors that are dynamic in nature
The concern of nursing is to PREVENT STRESS INVASION
Person is viewed as an Open System composed of Basic Structure of Energy Resources which
includes:
Physiologic
Psychologic
Sociocultural
Developmental
Spiritual
59
Basic Structure
2 lines of Defense
1.Normal Line of Defense
2. Flexible Line of Defense

Theory –Based Education 60
PhD: a research degree that generates new, discipline- specific knowledge
Master’s: use theoretical perspectives focused on the patient for specific nursing
outcomes; base practice on evidence from research & experience
BSN: introduced to research process & the use of theory to guide it
ADN: find middle range theories useful as they are specific to patient care
Provide a general focus for curriculum design

Guide curricular decision making

Theory –Based Practice 61
Occurs when nurses intentionally structure their practice around a particular

nursing theory and use it to guide them in their care of the patient
 Provides a systematic way of thinking about nursing that is consistent and

guides the decision-making process
Challenges conventional views of patients, illness, the health care delivery

system, and traditional nursing interventions

Benefits 62
• Explain practice to others
• Passes on knowledge to students
• Contributes to professional autonomy
• Develops analytical skills, challenges thinking, and clarifies your values
and assumptions
•
63
• Assist nurses to describe, explain and predict everyday experience
• Serve to guide assessment, intervention, and evaluation of nursing care
• Enhance autonomy and self-governance of nursing through defining its own
independence function
• Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of
clients, which are essential for effective decision making and implementation.

Theory –Based Research 64
• Nursing research tests and refines the knowledge base of nursing
• Research findings enable nurses to improve the quality of care and understand how evidence-based
nursing influences patient outcomes
• Research is vital to the future of nursing and theory is integral to research
• Offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas
• Assist in discovering knowledge gaps in the specific field of study.
• Offers a systematic approach to identify questions for study, select variables, interpret finding and
valid nursing innervations

65

66

Nursing Theory - The Basis For Professional Nursing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nursing Theory - The Basis For Professional Nursing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

08/20/2022 Mini-lecture Presentation