ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN - VIII

TOPIC –
SUSTAINABILITY, GREEN BUILDING
&
RENEWABLE POWER SOURCES

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

MOHD IZHAR
PROF. (AR) PRASENJIT SANYAL B.ARCH 5TH YEAR
IX SEMESTER
ITMSATP, LKO
2022-2023
 WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY?
SUSTAINABILITY MEANS MEETING OUR OWN NEEDS WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET
THEIR OWN NEEDS. IN ADDITION TO NATURAL RESOURCES, WE ALSO NEED SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES. SUSTAINABILITY IS NOT
JUST ENVIRONMENTALISM. EMBEDDED IN MOST DEFINITIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY WE ALSO FIND CONCERNS FOR SOCIAL EQUITY AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. (SOURCE – BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION)
SUSTAINABILITY IS THE ABILITY TO EXIST AND DEVELOP WITHOUT DEPLETING NATURAL RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE . (SOURCE -
https://www.twi-global.com)
SUSTAINABILITY IS THE PROCESS OF LIVING WITHIN THE LIMITS OF AVAILABLE PHYSICAL, NATURAL AND SOCIAL RESOURCES IN WAYS
THAT ALLOW THE LIVING SYSTEMS IN WHICH HUMANS ARE EMBEDDED TO THRIVE IN PERPETUITY. (SOURCE – UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA )
THERE ARE MANY BENEFITS TO SUSTAINABILITY -
• WE CANNOT MAINTAIN OUR EARTH’S ECOSYSTEMS OR CONTINUE TO FUNCTION AS WE DO IF MORE SUSTAINABLE CHOICES ARE NOT MADE.
• IF HARMFUL PROCESSES ARE MAINTAINED WITH NO CHANGE, IT IS LIKELY THAT WE WILL RUN OUT OF FOSSIL FUELS, HUGE NUMBERS OF
ANIMAL SPECIES WILL BECOME EXTINCT, AND THE ATMOSPHERE WILL BE IRREPARABLY DAMAGED. 
• CLEAN AIR AND NONTOXIC ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS, GROWTH OF RESOURCES THAT CAN BE RELIED UPON, AND WATER QUALITY AND
CLEANLINESS, ARE ALL BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABILITY . (SOURCE - https://www.twi-global.com)

THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY

1. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY -
ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY IS MAINTAINED, ALL OF EARTH’S ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ARE KEPT IN BALANCE WHILE NATURAL
RESOURCES WITHIN THEM ARE CONSUMED BY HUMANS AT A RATE WHERE THEY ARE ABLE TO REPLENISH THEMSELVES.

2. ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY -
HUMAN COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE GLOBE ARE ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR INDEPENDENCE
AND HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES THAT THEY REQUIRE, FINANCIAL AND OTHER, TO MEET
THEIR NEEDS. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ARE INTACT AND ACTIVITIES ARE AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE, ENVIRONMENT
SUCH AS SECURE SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD.
3. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY -
UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND BASIC NECESSITIES ARE ATTAINABLE BY ALL PEOPLE,
WHO HAVE ACCESS TO ENOUGH RESOURCES IN ORDER TO KEEP THEIR FAMILIES AND
COMMUNITIES HEALTHY AND SECURE. HEALTHY COMMUNITIES HAVE JUST LEADERS WHO ECONOMY SOCIETY
ENSURE PERSONAL, LABOUR AND CULTURAL RIGHTS ARE RESPECTED AND ALL PEOPLE ARE
PROTECTED FROM DISCRIMINATION.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS A GENERAL BELIEF THAT ALL HUMAN
ENDEAVORS SHOULD PROMOTE THE LONGEVITY OF THE PLANET AND ITS
INHABITANTS. WHAT ARCHITECTS CALL "THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT" SHOULD
NOT HARM THE EARTH OR DEPLETE ITS RESOURCES.
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE -
THE WORD “SUSTAINABILITY” AND THE EXPRESSION “SUSTAINABLE
ARCHITECTURE” ARE SPREADING IN THE WORLD OF DESIGN AND
ARCHITECTURE FOR TWO MAIN REASONS: FUNCTIONAL AND FORMAL. ANY
OBJECT THAT IS CONSIDERED SUSTAINABLE MUST SHOW ECOLOGICAL
AWARENESS, THEREFORE ITS FUNCTIONALITY MUST BE TIED TO ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ITS APPEARANCE.

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STRATEGIES -

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IS THE USE OF DESIGN STRATEGIES THAT
REDUCE THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM A BUILT
ENVIRONMENT. ARCHITECTS TAKE THE SITE LANDSCAPE, ENERGY
MANAGEMENT, AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN PLANNING, AND THEN USE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
SYSTEMS AND BUILDING MATERIALS DURING CONSTRUCTION.
THE TOP 6 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE STRATEGIES FOR PUBLIC BUILDING DESIGN -
1. PASSIVE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN -
PASSIVE STRATEGIES, SUCH AS CONSIDERING
SUN ORIENTATION AND CLIMATE WHEN SITING
AND BEING THOUGHTFUL ABOUT WINDOW
PLACEMENT AND OPERATION, ARE USED TO
BEST MANAGE DAYLIGHTING AND NATURAL
VENTILATION AND GO A LONG WAY IN
REDUCING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
BUILDING. IN CERTAIN CLIMATES, THERMAL
MASS TECHNIQUES CAN BE USED TO HARNESS
SOLAR ENERGY. IN SUCH CASES, THICK WALLS
ABSORB HEAT FROM THE SUN DURING THE DAY
AND RELEASE IT INTO THE BUILDING AT NIGHT.
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN BASICS -
ORIENTATION -
THE EARTH IS POSITIONED ON AN AXIS THAT CAUSES THE SUN'S POSITION IN THE SKY TO
CHANGE WITH THE SEASONS. THIS IS APPARENT IN THE SUMMER WHEN THE SUN IS FURTHER
NORTH IN THE SKY THAN IT IS IN THE WINTER, WHEN THE SUN TENDS TO BE LOWER IN THE
SOUTHERN SKY. THIS RELATIVE POSITION CHANGE OF THE SUN IS A MAJOR HEATING AND
COOLING FACTOR THAT MUST BE CONSIDERED TO MAXIMIZE OR MINIMIZE A BUILDING’S 
PASSIVE SOLAR GAINS IN DIFFERENT SEASONS. HOUSES ORIENTED TOWARDS THE SUN CAN
SAVE BETWEEN 10-40% ON HOME HEATING. 
A COMPLETE PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN HAS FIVE ELEMENTS:
(a). APERTURE/COLLECTOR:
 THE LARGE GLASS AREA THROUGH WHICH SUNLIGHT ENTERS THE BUILDING.
THE APERTURE(S) SHOULD FACE WITHIN 30 DEGREES OF TRUE SOUTH AND
SHOULD NOT BE SHADED BY OTHER BUILDINGS OR TREES FROM 9A.M. TO
3P.M. DAILY DURING THE HEATING SEASON.
(b). ABSORBER:
THE HARD, DARKENED SURFACE OF THE STORAGE ELEMENT. THE SURFACE,
WHICH COULD BE A MASONRY WALL, FLOOR, OR WATER CONTAINER, SITS IN
THE DIRECT PATH OF SUNLIGHT. SUNLIGHT HITTING THE SURFACE IS
ABSORBED AS HEAT.
(c). THERMAL MASS:
MATERIALS THAT RETAIN OR STORE THE HEAT PRODUCED BY SUNLIGHT.
WHILE THE ABSORBER IS AN EXPOSED SURFACE, THE THERMAL MASS IS THE
MATERIAL BELOW AND BEHIND THIS SURFACE.
THERMAL MASS IS DEFINED AS A MATERIAL'S ABILITY TO ABSORB,
STORE AND RELEASE HEAT. THERMAL MASS MATERIALS, SUCH AS WATER,
EARTH, BRICKS, WOOD, ROCKS, STEEL AND CONCRETE ACT AS HEAT SINKS IN
WARM PERIODS AND AS HEAT SOURCES DURING COOL PERIODS.
(d). DISTRIBUTION:
METHOD BY WHICH SOLAR HEAT CIRCULATES FROM THE COLLECTION AND
STORAGE POINTS TO DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE HOUSE. A STRICTLY PASSIVE
DESIGN WILL USE THE THREE NATURAL HEAT TRANSFER MODES-
CONDUCTION, CONVECTION AND RADIATION- EXCLUSIVELY. IN SOME
APPLICATIONS, FANS, DUCTS AND BLOWERS MAY BE USED TO DISTRIBUTE THE
HEAT THROUGH THE HOUSE.
(e). CONTROL:
ROOF OVERHANGS CAN BE USED TO SHADE THE APERTURE AREA DURING SUMMER MONTHS. OTHER ELEMENTS THAT CONTROL UNDER
AND/OR OVERHEATING INCLUDE ELECTRONIC SENSING DEVICES, SUCH AS A DIFFERENTIAL THERMOSTAT THAT SIGNALS A FAN TO TURN ON;
OPERABLE VENTS AND DAMPERS THAT ALLOW OR RESTRICT HEAT FLOW; LOW-EMISSIVITY BLINDS; AND AWNINGS.
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING:
THE GOAL OF PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS IS TO CAPTURE THE SUN’S
HEAT WITHIN THE BUILDING’S ELEMENTS AND TO RELEASE THAT HEAT
DURING PERIODS WHEN THE SUN IS ABSENT, WHILE ALSO MAINTAINING A
COMFORTABLE ROOM TEMPERATURE. THE TWO PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING ARE SOUTH FACING GLASS AND THERMAL MASS
TO ABSORB, STORE, AND DISTRIBUTE HEAT. THERE ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENTING THOSE ELEMENTS.
DIRECT GAIN:
THE ACTUAL LIVING SPACE IS A SOLAR COLLECTOR, HEAT ABSORBER AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. SOUTH FACING GLASS ADMITS SOLAR ENERGY INTO
THE HOUSE WHERE IT STRIKES MASONRY FLOORS AND WALLS, WHICH ABSORB
AND STORE THE SOLAR HEAT, WHICH IS RADIATED BACK OUT INTO THE ROOM
AT NIGHT. THESE THERMAL MASS MATERIALS ARE TYPICALLY DARK IN COLOR IN ORDER TO ABSORB AS MUCH HEAT AS POSSIBLE. THE THERMAL
MASS ALSO TEMPERS THE INTENSITY OF THE HEAT DURING THE DAY BY ABSORBING ENERGY. WATER CONTAINERS INSIDE THE LIVING SPACE CAN
BE USED TO STORE HEAT. HOWEVER, UNLIKE MASONRY WATER REQUIRES CAREFULLY DESIGNED STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, AND THUS IT IS MORE
DIFFICULT TO INTEGRATE INTO THE DESIGN OF THE HOUSE. THE DIRECT GAIN SYSTEM UTILIZES 60-75% OF THE SUN’S ENERGY STRIKING THE
WINDOWS. FOR A DIRECT GAIN SYSTEM TO WORK WELL, THERMAL MASS MUST BE INSULATED FROM THE OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE TO PREVENT
COLLECTED SOLAR HEAT FROM DISSIPATING. HEAT LOSS IS ESPECIALLY LIKELY WHEN THE THERMAL MASS IS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE
GROUND OR WITH OUTSIDE AIR THAT IS AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE THAN THE DESIRED TEMPERATURE OF THE MASS.
INDIRECT GAIN:
THERMAL MASS IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE SUN AND THE LIVING SPACE. THE THERMAL MASS
ABSORBS THE SUNLIGHT THAT STRIKES IT AND TRANSFERS IT TO THE LIVING SPACE BY
CONDUCTION. THE INDIRECT GAIN SYSTEM WILL UTILIZE 30-45% OF THE SUN’S ENERGY
STRIKING THE GLASS ADJOINING THE THERMAL MASS.
THE MOST COMMON INDIRECT GAIN SYSTEMS IS A TROMBE WALL. THE THERMAL MASS, A 6-
18 INCH THICK MASONRY WALL, IS LOCATED IMMEDIATELY BEHIND SOUTH FACING GLASS OF
SINGLE OR DOUBLE LAYER, WHICH IS MOUNTED ABOUT 1 INCH OR LESS IN FRONT OF THE
WALL’S SURFACE. SOLAR HEAT IS ABSORBED BY THE WALL’S DARK-COLORED OUTSIDE SURFACE
AND STORED IN THE WALL’S MASS, WHERE IT RADIATES INTO THE LIVING SPACE. SOLAR HEAT
MIGRATES THROUGH THE WALL, REACHING ITS REAR SURFACE IN THE LATE AFTERNOON OR
EARLY EVENING. WHEN THE INDOOR TEMPERATURE FALLS BELOW THAT OF THE WALL’S
SURFACE, HEAT IS RADIATED INTO THE ROOM.
 OPERABLE VENTS AT THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF A THERMAL
STORAGE WALL PERMIT HEAT TO CONVECT BETWEEN THE WALL
AND THE GLASS INTO THE LIVING SPACE. WHEN THE VENTS ARE
CLOSED AT NIGHT, RADIANT HEAT FROM THE WALL HEATS THE
LIVING SPACE.

PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING -

PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING SYSTEMS WORK BY REDUCING
UNWANTED HEAT GAIN DURING THE DAY, PRODUCING NON-
MECHANICAL VENTILATION, EXCHANGING WARM INTERIOR AIR
FOR COOLER EXTERIOR AIR WHEN POSSIBLE, AND STORING THE
COOLNESS OF THE NIGHT TO MODERATE WARM DAYTIME
TEMPERATURES. AT THEIR SIMPLIEST, PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING
SYSTEMS INCLUDE OVERHANGS OR SHADES ON SOUTH FACING
WINDOWS, SHADE TREES, THERMAL MASS AND CROSS
VENTILATION.
(a). SHADING:
TO REDUCE UNWANTED HEAT GAIN IN THE SUMMER, ALL WINDOWS SHOULD
BE SHADED BY AN OVERHANG OR OTHER DEVICES SUCH AS AWNINGS,
SHUTTERS AND TRELLISES. IF AN AWNING ON A SOUTH FACING WINDOW
PROTRUDES TO HALF OF A WINDOW’S HEIGHT, THE SUN’S RAYS WILL BE
BLOCKED DURING THE SUMMER, YET WILL STILL PENETRATE INTO THE HOUSE
DURING THE WINTER.  THE SUN IS LOW ON THE HORIZON DURING SUNRISE
AND SUNSET, SO OVERHANGS ON EAST AND WEST FACING WINDOWS ARE
NOT AS EFFECTIVE. TRY TO MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF EAST AND WEST
FACING WINDOWS IF COOLING IS A MAJOR CONCERN. VEGETATION CAN BE
USED TO SHADE SUCH WINDOWS. LANDSCAPING IN GENERAL CAN BE USED
TO REDUCE UNWANTED HEAT GAIN DURING THE SUMMER.

(b). THERMAL MASS:

THERMAL MASS IS USED IN A PASSIVE COOLING DESIGN TO ABSORBS HEAT
AND MODERATE INTERNAL TEMPERATURE INCREASES ON HOT DAYS. DURING
THE NIGHT, THERMAL MASS CAN BE COOLED USING VENTILATION, ALLOWING
IT TO BE READY THE NEXT DAY TO ABSORB HEAT AGAIN. IT IS POSSIBLE TO
USE THE SAME THERMAL MASS FOR COOLING DURING THE HOT SEASON
AND HEATING DURING THE COLD SEASON.
(c). VENTILATION:
NATURAL VENTILATION MAINTAINS AN INDOOR TEMPERATURE THAT IS
CLOSE TO THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE, SO IT’S ONLY AN EFFECTIVE
COOLING TECHNIQUE WHEN THE INDOOR TEMPERATURE IS EQUAL TO
OR HIGHER THAN THE OUTDOOR ONE. THE CLIMATE DETERMINES THE
BEST NATURAL VENTILATION STRATEGY.
IN AREAS WHERE THERE ARE DAYTIME BREEZES AND A DESIRE
FOR VENTILATION DURING THE DAY, OPEN WINDOWS ON THE SIDE OF
THE BUILDING FACING THE BREEZE AND THE OPPOSITE ONE TO
CREATE CROSS VENTILATION. WHEN DESIGNING, PLACE WINDOWS IN
THE WALLS FACING THE PREVAILING BREEZE AND OPPOSITE WALLS.
WING WALLS CAN ALSO BE USED TO CREATE VENTILATION THROUGH
WINDOWS IN WALLS PERPENDICULAR TO PREVAILING BREEZES. A
SOLID VERTICAL PANEL IS PLACED PERPENDICULAR TO THE WALL,
BETWEEN TWO WINDOWS. IT ACCELARATES NATURAL WIND SPEED
DUE TO PRESSURE DIFFERENCES CREATED BY THE WING WALL..

(d). CONVECTIVE COOLING:

THE OLDEST AND SIMPLEST FORM OF CONVECTIVE COOLING IS
DESIGNED TO BRING IN COOL NIGHT AIR FROM THE OUTSIDE AND
PUSH OUT HOT INTERIOR AIR. IF THERE ARE PREVAILING NIGHTIME
BREEZES, THEN HIGH VENT OR OPEN ON THE LEEWARD SIDE (THE SIDE
AWAY FROM THE WIND) WILL LET THE HOT AIR NEAR THE CEILING
ESCAPE. LOW VENTS ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE (THE SIDE TOWARDS THE
WIND) WILL LET COOL NIGHT AIR SWEEP IN TO REPLACE THE HOT AIR.
AT SITES WHERE THERE AREN’T PREVAILING BREEZES, IT’S STILL
POSSIBLE TO USE CONVECTIVE COOLING BY CREATING THERMAL
CHIMNEYS. THERMAL CHIMNEYS ARE DESIGNED AROUND THE FACT
THAT WARM AIR RISES; THEY CREATE A WARM OR HOT ZONE OF AIR
(OFTEN THROUGH SOLAR GAIN) AND HAVE A HIGH EXTERIOR
EXHAUST OUTLET. THE HOT AIR EXITS THE BUILDING AT THE HIGH
VENT, AND COOLER AIR IS DRAWN IN THROUGH A LOW VENT.
2. ACTIVE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN -
ARCHITECTS CONSULT WITH MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERS TO IMPLEMENT HIGH-EFFICIENCY ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING,
HVAC, AND OTHER SYSTEMS, WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO HAVE SMALL
ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS.
ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES USE PURCHASED ENERGY (INCLUDING
ELECTRICITY AND NATURAL GAS) TO KEEP BUILDINGS COMFORTABLE.
ACTIVE STRATEGIES ALSO INCLUDE SYSTEMS THAT GENERATE ENERGY
SUCH AS SOLAR ELECTRIC AND SOLAR THERMAL PANELS, WIND
TURBINES, AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EXCHANGERS.
(a) GRID CONNECTED:
A GRID-CONNECTED BUILDING GENERATES ELECTRICITY FOR USE ON SITE.
WHEN ELECTRICITY GENERATION EXCEEDS THE AMOUNT REQUIRED, THE SYSTEM
SUPPLIES THE EXCESS POWER TO THE UTILITY GRID. CONVERSELY, WHEN THE
ELECTRICITY DEMANDS OF THE BUILDING EXCEED THE AMOUNT SUPPLIED ON SITE,
ELECTRICITY CAN BE DRAWN FROM THE POWER GRID. OPTIMALLY, A GRID-
CONNECTED BUILDING CAN BE NET-ZERO (OR NET-POSITIVE), MEANING THAT THE
AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLIED TO THE GRID IS EQUAL TO (OR GREATER THAN)
THE AMOUNT DRAWN FROM THE GRID. WITH THE HYDRO ONE NET METERING
PROGRAM, ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY A BUILDING CAN BE SENT TO HYDRO ONE'S
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR A CREDIT TOWARDS ELECTRICITY COSTS.
(b) SOLAR-ELECTRICAL POWER:
SOLAR ELECTRICAL POWER IS GENERATED BY PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES THAT
HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND CONVERT IT INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY. FOR USE IN
BUILDINGS, SOLAR MODULES CAN BE INTEGRATED INTO THE DESIGN AS CLADDING
COMPONENTS OR AS SUN-SHADES, MOUNTED ON THE ROOF, OR MOUNTED ON LAND
ADJACENT TO THE BUILDING. TRACKING DEVICES CAN FOLLOW THE PATH OF THE SUN FOR
OPTIMAL EXPOSURE.
(c) SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY:
SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY IS HEAT ENERGY GENERATED BY A ROOF-MOUNTED SOLAR
COLLECTION DEVICE THAT ABSORBS HEAT FROM THE SUN. FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS ARE
THE MOST COMMON TYPE, WHERE FLUID IS CIRCULATED THROUGH TUBING TO TRANSFER
HEAT FROM THE COLLECTION SURFACE TO AN INSULATED WATER TANK. THIS STRATEGY
CAN BE USED TO PRE-HEAT WATER FROM THE MUNICIPAL MAIN, OR WELL, TO DECREASE
THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED BY AN ON-DEMAND WATER HEATER.
(d) GEOTHERMAL HEAT EXCHANGE:
GEOTHERMAL HEAT EXCHANGE BRINGS A BUILDING IN HARMONY WITH
THE EARTH, TAKING ADVANTAGE OF SUBTERRANEAN TEMPERATURES TO
PROVIDE HEATING IN THE WINTER AND COOLING IN THE SUMMER.
OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES FLUCTUATE WITH THE CHANGING SEASONS BUT
UNDERGROUND TEMPERATURES (FOUR TO SIX FEET BELOW GROUND) DON’T
CHANGE AS DRAMATICALLY, THANKS TO THE INSULATING PROPERTIES OF THE
EARTH. A GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM, WHICH TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF AN INDOOR
HANDLING UNIT AND A BURIED SYSTEM OF PIPES, CALLED AN EARTH LOOP,
AND/OR A PUMP TO REINJECTION WELL, CAPITALIZES ON THESE CONSTANT
TEMPERATURES TO PROVIDE “FREE” ENERGY.
(e) WIND POWER:
WIND POWER IS GENERATED USING TURBINES OR WINDMILLS TO
HARVEST WIND ENERGY TO CONVERT IT INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
(f) HIGH EFFICIENCY HVAC SYSTEM:
AN HVAC SYSTEM REFERS TO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS FOR HEATING,
VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING TO MAINTAIN THE DESIRED
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WITHIN A SPACE. THERE ARE MANY
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AVAILABLE BUT SHOULD BE TUNED TO THE BUILDING’S
NEEDS.

(g) HRV/ERV:
HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION (HRV) AND ENERGY RECOVERY
VENTILATION (ERV) ARE DEDICATED VENITLATION SYSTEMS THAT SUPPLY
CONTINUOUS FRESH AIR TO YOUR HOME. FRESH OUTDOOR AIR RUNS
THROUGH THE HRV/ERV WHICH PRE-CONDITIONS THE AIR BY
TRANSFERRING THE HEAT (HRV) OR HEAT AND HUMIDITY (ERV) FROM
STALE EXHAUST AIR INTO THE FRESH OUTDOOR AIR. THIS PROCESS SAVES
ENERGY IN HEATING AND COOLING, RESULTING IN LOWER ENERGY BILLS
AND HEALTHIER INDOOR AIR.
(h) IN-FLOOR RADIANT HEATING:
IN-FLOOR RADIANT HEATING USES CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION TO
EXCHANGE HEAT BETWEEN A HEATED FLUID RUNNING THROUGH TUBES INTO THE
FLOOR AND THEN TO THE OCCUPIED SPACE. BENEFITS INCLUDE LOWER ENERGY
CONSUMPTION COMPARED TO FORCED-AIR SYSTEMS, A HEALTHIER INDOOR AIR
QUALITY, AND A HIGHER LEVEL OF COMFORT.
(i) DRAIN WATER HEAT RECOVERY:
DRAIN WATER HEAT RECOVERY
(DWHR) IS THE PRACTICE OF
RECOVERING THE EXCESS HEAT WE
LOSE DOWN THE DRAIN,
PARTICULARLY WHILE SHOWERING.
WATER IS EXPENSIVE TO HEAT AND (k) GREYWATER RE-USE:
CARRIES A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF GREYWATER IS A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE WATER
ENERGY. THE HOT WATER THAT GOES THAT HAS BEEN USED ORF SHOWERING, BATHING, AND
DOWN THE DRAIN CARRIES AS MUCH HAND-WASHING. IT SOMETIMES INCLUDES WASTEWATER
AS 80-90% OF THE ENERGY USED TO FROM KITCHEN SINKS AND LAUNDRY, DEPENDING ON
HEAT IT. DRAIN WATER HEAT LOCAL BY-LAWS. GREYWATER REUSE INVOLVES THE
RECOVERY SYSTEMS CAPTURE THIS COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF THIS WATER FOR USE IN
ENERGY TO PREHEAT COLD WATER TOILET-FLUSHING, OUTDOOR IRRIGATION AND
ENTERING THE WATER HEATER. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS, REDUCING THE OVERALL
DEMAND FOR POTABLE (DRINKABLE) WATER.
(j) ON-DEMAND HOT WATER:
ON-DEMAND HOT WATER IS ACHIEVED
USING A TANKLESS WATER HEATER, WHICH
INSTANTLY HEATS WATER AS IT FLOWS THROUGH
THE DEVICE RATHER THAN HEATING, STORING
AND RE-HEATING A TANKFUL OF WATER UNTIL IT
IS NEEDED. THE RESULT IS A CONTINUOUS FLOW
OF HOT WATER AND REDUCED ENERGY
CONSUMPTION. ON-DEMAND HOT WATER CAN
BE USED FOR DOMESTIC HOT WATER AT
FAUCETS AND SHOWERS AND /OR FOR RADIANT
SPACE-HEATING. DRAIN WATER HEAT RECOVERY
CAN BE EFFECTIVELY COUPLED WITH ON-
DEMAND HOT WATER FOR OPTIMAL ENERGY-
EFFICIENCY.
(l) REVERSIBLE CEILING FANS:
REVERSIBLE CEILING FANS ARE USED TO CIRCULATE INDOOR AIR AND
CAN BE USED IN BOTH HEATING AND COOLING SEASONS. IN THE WINTER,
COOL AIR IS DRAWN FROM THE FLOOR UP TOWARD THE CEILING, PUSHING
WARM AIR FROM THE CEILING DOWN INTO THE OCCUPIED SPACE. IN THE
SUMMER, AIR IS DIRECTED DOWN TOWARD THE OCCUPIED SPACE TO
PROMOTE EVAPORATIVE COOLING.
3.  RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS -
RENEWABLE ENERGY IS ENERGY DERIVED FROM NATURAL SOURCES THAT ARE REPLENISHED AT A HIGHER RATE THAN THEY ARE
CONSUMED. SUNLIGHT AND WIND, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE SUCH SOURCES THAT ARE CONSTANTLY BEING REPLENISHED. RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES ARE PLENTIFUL AND ALL AROUND US.
FOSSIL FUELS - COAL, OIL AND GAS - ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCES THAT TAKE HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS TO FORM. FOSSIL FUELS,
WHEN BURNED TO PRODUCE ENERGY, CAUSE HARMFUL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS,
SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE.
COMMON SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY:
a. SOLAR ENERGY:
SOLAR ENERGY IS THE MOST ABUNDANT OF ALL ENERGY RESOURCES AND CAN
EVEN BE HARNESSED IN CLOUDY WEATHER. THE RATE AT WHICH SOLAR ENERGY IS
INTERCEPTED BY THE EARTH IS ABOUT 10,000 TIMES GREATER THAN THE RATE AT
WHICH HUMANKIND CONSUMES ENERGY.
SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES CAN DELIVER HEAT, COOLING, NATURAL LIGHTING,
ELECTRICITY, AND FUELS FOR A HOST OF APPLICATIONS. SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES CONVERT
SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY EITHER THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS OR
THROUGH MIRRORS THAT CONCENTRATE SOLAR RADIATION.
b. WIND ENERGY:
WIND ENERGY HARNESSES THE KINETIC ENERGY OF MOVING AIR BY USING LARGE
WIND TURBINES LOCATED ON LAND (ONSHORE) OR IN SEA- OR FRESHWATER
(OFFSHORE). WIND ENERGY HAS BEEN USED FOR MILLENNIA, BUT ONSHORE AND
OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES HAVE EVOLVED OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS TO
MAXIMIZE THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCED - WITH TALLER TURBINES AND LARGER ROTOR
DIAMETERS.
THOUGH AVERAGE WIND SPEEDS VARY CONSIDERABLY BY LOCATION, THE
WORLD’S TECHNICAL POTENTIAL FOR WIND ENERGY EXCEEDS GLOBAL ELECTRICITY
PRODUCTION, AND AMPLE POTENTIAL EXISTS IN MOST REGIONS OF THE WORLD TO
ENABLE SIGNIFICANT WIND ENERGY DEPLOYMENT.
c. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY UTILIZES THE ACCESSIBLE THERMAL ENERGY FROM THE
EARTH’S INTERIOR. HEAT IS EXTRACTED FROM GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS USING WELLS
OR OTHER MEANS.
RESERVOIRS THAT ARE NATURALLY SUFFICIENTLY HOT AND PERMEABLE ARE
CALLED HYDROTHERMAL RESERVOIRS, WHEREAS RESERVOIRS THAT ARE SUFFICIENTLY
HOT BUT THAT ARE IMPROVED WITH HYDRAULIC STIMULATION ARE CALLED ENHANCED
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS.
ONCE AT THE SURFACE, FLUIDS OF VARIOUS TEMPERATURES CAN BE USED TO
GENERATE ELECTRICITY. THE TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM
HYDROTHERMAL RESERVOIRS IS MATURE AND RELIABLE, AND HAS BEEN OPERATING
FOR MORE THAN 100 YEARS.

d. HYDROPOWER:
HYDROPOWER HARNESSES THE ENERGY OF WATER MOVING FROM HIGHER TO
LOWER ELEVATIONS. IT CAN BE GENERATED FROM RESERVOIRS AND RIVERS. RESERVOIR
HYDROPOWER PLANTS RELY ON STORED WATER IN A RESERVOIR, WHILE RUN-OF-RIVER
HYDROPOWER PLANTS HARNESS ENERGY FROM THE AVAILABLE FLOW OF THE RIVER.
HYDROPOWER RESERVOIRS OFTEN HAVE MULTIPLE USES - PROVIDING DRINKING
WATER, WATER FOR IRRIGATION, FLOOD AND DROUGHT CONTROL, NAVIGATION
SERVICES, AS WELL AS ENERGY SUPPLY.
HYDROPOWER CURRENTLY IS THE LARGEST SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN
THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR. IT RELIES ON GENERALLY STABLE RAINFALL PATTERNS, AND
CAN BE NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BY CLIMATE-INDUCED DROUGHTS OR CHANGES TO
ECOSYSTEMS WHICH IMPACT RAINFALL PATTERNS.
e. OCEAN ENERGY:
OCEAN ENERGY DERIVES FROM TECHNOLOGIES THAT USE THE KINETIC AND
THERMAL ENERGY OF SEAWATER - WAVES OR CURRENTS FOR INSTANCE -  TO PRODUCE
ELECTRICITY OR HEAT.
OCEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS ARE STILL AT AN EARLY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, WITH A
NUMBER OF PROTOTYPE WAVE AND TIDAL CURRENT DEVICES BEING EXPLORED. THE
THEORETICAL POTENTIAL FOR OCEAN ENERGY EASILY 
EXCEEDS PRESENT HUMAN ENERGY REQUIREMENTS.
f. BIOENERGY:
BIOENERGY IS PRODUCED FROM A VARIETY OF ORGANIC
MATERIALS, CALLED BIOMASS, SUCH AS WOOD, CHARCOAL, DUNG AND
OTHER MANURES FOR HEAT AND POWER PRODUCTION, AND
AGRICULTURAL CROPS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELS. MOST BIOMASS IS USED IN
RURAL AREAS FOR COOKING, LIGHTING AND SPACE HEATING, GENERALLY
BY POORER POPULATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
MODERN BIOMASS SYSTEMS INCLUDE DEDICATED CROPS OR
TREES, RESIDUES FROM AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, AND VARIOUS
ORGANIC WASTE STREAMS.
ENERGY CREATED BY BURNING BIOMASS CREATES GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS, BUT AT LOWER LEVELS THAN BURNING FOSSIL FUELS LIKE COAL, OIL OR GAS. HOWEVER, BIOENERGY SHOULD ONLY BE USED IN
LIMITED APPLICATIONS, GIVEN POTENTIAL NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RELATED TO LARGE-SCALE INCREASES IN FOREST AND
BIOENERGY PLANTATIONS, AND RESULTING DEFORESTATION AND LAND-USE CHANGE.
4. NATIVE LANDSCAPING -
NATIVE LANDSCAPING USES COLORFUL NATIVE PLANTS, ORNAMENTALS, OR A
COMBINATION OF THE TWO, TO CREATE A NATURAL LANDSCAPE THAT MANAGES
RAINWATER WHILE BEAUTIFYING YOUR YARD. NATIVE PLANTS HAVE DEEP GROWING ROOT
SYSTEMS THAT HELP BREAK UP THE SOIL, ALLOWING MORE WATER TO DRAIN INTO THE
GROUND. LANDSCAPING WITH NATIVE PLANTS HELPS PROMOTE A HEALTHY NATURAL
LANDSCAPE THAT CREATES A HABITAT FOR LOCAL BIRDS, BEES, AND BUTTERFLIES. BY
INSTALLING NATIVE PLANTS AND ORNAMENTALS, YOU CAN HAVE A BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPE
WHILE MOWING LESS. LANDSCAPING CAN ALSO BE USED AS PART OF A PASSIVE ENERGY
STRATEGY. BY PLANTING TREES THAT SHADE THE ROO AND WINDOWS DURING THE HOTTEST
TIME OF THE DAY, SOLAR HEAT GAIN INSIDE THE BUILDING CAN BE REDUCED.
5. GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS AND
FINISHES -
BY MAKING IT A PRIORITY TO PURCHASE STEEL,
LUMBER, CONCRETE, AND FINISHING MATERIALS, SUCH
AS CARPET AND FURNISHINGS, FROM COMPANIES THAT
USE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE
MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES OR RECYCLED
MATERIALS, ARCHITECTS UP THE ANTE ON
SUSTAINABILITY.
6. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT - 
WHEN RAIN FALLS ON AN UNTOUCHED SITE, THE WATER THAT DOESN’T
EVAPORATE ABSORBS BACK INTO THE GROUND, REPLENISHING THE NATURAL
WATER TABLE. HOWEVER, WHEN A BUILDING IS PLACED ON THE SITE, ALONG
WITH PARKING LOTS, SIDEWALKS, ACCESS ROADS, AND OTHER HARDSCAPING,
RAINFALL BEHAVES DIFFERENTLY. THE WATER RUNS OFF THESE SURFACES AND
INTO STORM DRAINS. BY IMPLEMENTING STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES, SUCH AS PERVIOUS PAVEMENT THAT HELPS TO REDUCE RUNOFF
AND RETENTION PONDS THAT CAPTURE RUNOFF AND SLOWLY RELEASE WATER
BACK INTO THE GROUND, THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
BUILDINGS CAN BE REDUCED.
THE WORLD COMMUNITY ADOPTS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT -
1979 - FIRST WORLD CLIMATE CONFERENCE OPENS UP THE SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE.
1987 - BRUNDTLAND REPORT CONSOLIDATES DECADES OF WORK ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
1992 - RIO EARTH SUMMIT RALLIES THE WORLD TO TAKE ACTION AND ADOPT AGENDA 21.
1993 - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PUTS THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE TO WORK.
1997 - KYOTO PROTOCOL TAKES THE FIRST STEP TOWARD STOPPING DANGEROUS CLIMATE CHANGE.
2000 - WITH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SOCIAL JUSTICE MEETS PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTALISM.
2006 - AL GORE BRINGS CLIMATE CHANGE TO THE MAINSTREAM WITH AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH.
2012 - RIO+20 TAKES STOCK ON 2+ DECADES OF EFFORTS AT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
KYOTO PROTOCOL :
THE KYOTO PROTOCOL OPERATIONALIZES THE 
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE BY COMMITTING
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES AND ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION TO LIMIT AND
REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG) EMISSIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH AGREED
INDIVIDUAL TARGETS.PROTOCOL, ALSO KNOWN AS THE KYOTO ACCORD, IS AN
THE KYOTO
INTERNATIONAL TREATY AMONG INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS THAT SETS MANDATORY
LIMITS ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT IS THE WARMING
EFFECT OF THE SUN ON GREENHOUSE GASES, SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE, THAT ACT TO
TRAP THIS HEAT IN OUR ATMOSPHERE.
GASES THE PROTOCOL SEEKS TO CONTROLS EMISSIONS OF SIX HEAT-TRAPPING
GASES: CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE, HYDROFLUOROCARBONS,
PERFLUOROCARBONS AND SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE.
WHAT IS CLIMATE?
THE CLIMATE OF THE EARTH CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF INTERLINKED PHYSICAL SYSTEMS POWERED BY THE SUN.
IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT WE ARE GENERALLY CONCERNED WITH LOCAL CLIMATIC SYSTEMS IN PARTICULAR:
 MACRO-CLIMATE- THE CLIMATE OF A LARGER AREA SUCH AS A REGION OR A COUNTRY
 MICRO-CLIMATE- THE VARIATIONS IN LOCALISED CLIMATE AROUND A BUILDING
• THE MACRO AND MICRO CLIMATE HAS A VERY IMPORTANT EFFECT ON BOTH THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS, BOTH IN THE HEATING SEASON AND IN SUMMER.
• THE SITE AND DESIGN OF A BUILDING CAN HAVE A PROFOUND EFFECT UPON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A BUILDING AND ITS
ENVIRONMENT.
• THE BUILDING SITE AFFECTS EXPOSURE TO THE PREVAILING WIND, THE
SOLAR RADIATION THE BUILDING RECEIVES, POLLUTION LEVELS,
TEMPERATURES AND RAIN PENETRATION.
SITE AND MACRO CLIMATE
• THE ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING AFFECTS SOLAR GAINS AND
EXPOSURE TO THE PREVAILING WIND (VENTILATION).
• THE LOCATION OF NEIGHBOURING TREES AND BUILDINGS AFFECTS THE
SOLAR GAINS (SHADING) AND WIND PATTERNS.
• NEIGHBOURING TREES AND BUILDINGS ALSO PROTECT THE BUILDING
FROM DRIVING RAIN.
MACRO CLIMATE
THE MACRO CLIMATE AROUND A BUILDING CANNOT BE AFFECTED BY ANY
DESIGN CHANGES, HOWEVER THE BUILDING DESIGN CAN BE DEVELOPED WITH
A KNOWLEDGE OF THE MACRO CLIMATE IN WHICH THE BUILDING IS LOCATED. GENERAL CLIMATIC DATA GIVE AN IDEA OF THE LOCAL CLIMATIC
SEVERITY:
• SEASONAL ACCUMULATED TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (DEGREE DAY) ARE A MEASURE OF THE OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE, THOUGH DO
NOT ACOUNT FOR AVAILABLE SOLAR
• TYPICAL WIND SPEEDS AND DIRECTION
• ANNUAL TOTALS OF GLOBAL HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION
• THE DRIVING RAIN INDEX (DRI) RELATES TO THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE CONTAINED IN EXPOSED SURFACES AND WILL AFFECT THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF EXTERNAL SURFACES.
THIS METEREOLOGICAL DATA GIVES A GENERAL IMPRESSION OF THE CLIMATE AT THE SITE OF A BUILDING AND THE BUILDING DESIGN CAN BE
PLANNED ACCORDINGLY. HOWEVER THE BUILDING ITSELF AND SURROUNDING GEOGRAPHY WILL AFFECT THE LOCAL CLIMATE.
MICRO-CLIMATE :
THE SITE OF A BUILDING MAY HAVE A MANY MICRO CLIMATES CAUSED BY THE PRESENCE OF HILLS VALLEYS, SLOPES, STREAMS AND OTHER
BUILDINGS.
MICRO CLIMATE – EFFECT OF LOCAL TERRAIN
SURROUNDING SLOPES HAVE IMPORTANT EFFECTS ON AIR
MOVEMENT, ESPECIALLY AT THE BOTTOM OF A HOLLOW. IN
HOLLOWS AIR WARMED BY THE RISES UPWARDS DUE TO
BUOYANCY EFFECTS (ANABATIC FLOW), TO BE REPLACED BY
COOLER AIR DRIFTING DOWN THE SLOPE (KATABATIC FLOW).
THE RESULT IS THAT VALEY FLOORS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY COLDER
THAN LOCATIONS PART WAY UP THE SLOPE. KATABATIC FLOWS
OFTEN RESULT IN FROSTS PERSISTING FOR LONGER IN LOW LYING LOCATIONS. THE MOST FAVOURABLE LOCATION IN A VALLEY IS KNOWN AS
THE THERMAL BELT, LYING JUST ABOVE THE LEVEL TO WHICH POOLS OF COLD AIR BUILD UP, BUT BELOW THE HEIGHT AT WHICH EXPOSURE TO
WIND INCREASES.
MICRO-CLIMATE – EFFECTS OF BUILDINGS
 BUILDINGS THEMSELVES CREATE FURTHER MICRO-CLIMATES BY SHADING THE GROUND, CHANGING WIND FLOW PATTERNS.
 ONE EXAMPLE OF HOW BUILDINGS AFFECT THE LOCAL CLIMATE IS THE HEAT ISLAND EFFECT IN LARGE CITIES WHERE THE AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE IS HIGHER THAN THE SURROUNDING AREA:
 SOLAR ENERGY ABSORBED AND RE-EMITTED FROM BUILDING SURFACES, PAVEMENTS ROADS ETC. CREATES A WARMING EFFECT ON THE
SURROUNDING AIR. ALSO THE LARGE QUANTITIES OF BUILDINGS BREAK UP THE WIND FLOW, REDUCING WIND SPEEDS AND CAUSING THE
WARM AIR TO REMAIN STAGNANT IN THE CITY. THIS ALSO CAUSES INCREASED POLLUTION AS WELL AS TEMPERATURES.
 THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL HIGH RISE BUILDINGS CAN DEGRADE THE LOCAL CLIMATE AS WIND SPEED AT GROUND LEVEL CAN BE SIGNIFICANTLY
INCREASED, WHILE EXTENSIVE SHADOWS BLOCK ACCESS TO SUNLIGHT FOR LONG PERIODS, INCREASING SPACE HEATING COSTS IN
SURROUNDING BUILDINGS.
IMPROVING MICRO CLIMATE THROUGH DESIGN
• REDUCE COSTS OF WINTER HEATING
• REDUCE SUMMER OVERHEATING AND THE NEED FOR COOLING
• MAXIMISE OUTDOOR COMFORT IN SUMMER AND WINTER ALSO:
• IMPROVE DURABILITY OF BUILDING MATERIAL (REDUCED RAIN PENETRATION)
• PROVIDE A BETTER VISUAL ENVIRONMENT IN SPACES AROUND BUILDINGS
• ENCOURAGE GROWTH OF PLANTS
• DISCOURAGE GROWTH OF MOSSES AND ALGAE
• FACILITATE OPEN AIR DRYING OF CLOTHES
 GREEN BUILDING -
"A GREEN BUILDING IS ONE WHICH USES LESS WATER, OPTIMISES ENERGY EFFICIENCY, CONSERVES NATURAL RESOURCES, GENERATES
LESS WASTE AND PROVIDES HEALTHIER SPACES FOR OCCUPANTS, AS COMPARED TO A CONVENTIONAL BUILDING."
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FEATURES WHICH CAN MAKE A BUILDING ‘GREEN’. THESE INCLUDE: 
• EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY, WATER AND OTHER RESOURCES.
• USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, SUCH AS SOLAR ENERGY.
• POLLUTION AND WASTE REDUCTION MEASURES, AND THE ENABLING OF RE-USE AND
RECYCLING.
• GOOD INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL AIR QUALITY.
• USE OF MATERIALS THAT ARE NON-TOXIC, ETHICAL AND SUSTAINABLE.
• CONSIDERATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION.
• CONSIDERATION OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF OCCUPANTS IN DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION.
• A DESIGN THAT ENABLES ADAPTATION TO A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT.
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPES OF BENEFIT GREEN BUILDINGS OFFER IS
TO OUR CLIMATE AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. GREEN BUILDINGS CAN NOT ONLY REDUCE OR ELIMINATE NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT, BY USING LESS WATER, ENERGY OR NATURAL RESOURCES, BUT THEY CAN - IN MANY CASES - HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT (AT THE BUILDING OR CITY SCALES) BY GENERATING THEIR OWN ENERGY OR INCREASING BIODIVERSITY. 
ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS THE USE OF LESS ENERGY TO
PERFORM THE SAME TASK OR PRODUCE THE SAME RESULT.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT HOMES AND BUILDINGS USE LESS ENERGY TO
HEAT, COOL, AND RUN APPLIANCES AND ELECTRONICS, AND
ENERGY-EFFICIENT MANUFACTURING FACILITIES USE LESS
ENERGY TO PRODUCE GOODS.
WHY ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS ARE
IMPORTANT?
GLOBAL WARMING HAS BECOME AN INCREDIBLY HOT-TOPIC
ISSUE, AND ONE OF THE BEST WAYS TO COMBAT THESE ADVERSE
EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT IS TO TURN TO MORE ENERGY
EFFICIENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. BY REDUCING THE
NUMBER OF NATURAL RESOURCES, LAND, RAW MATERIALS, AND
ENERGY WE USE IN AND FOR CREATING BUILDINGS, WE CAN
SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE THE NUMBER OF GREENHOUSE
GASSES BEING RELEASED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY BENEFITS:
ENERGY EFFICIENCY SAVES MONEY, INCREASES THE RESILIENCE AND RELIABILITY
OF THE ELECTRIC GRID, AND PROVIDES ENVIRONMENTAL, COMMUNITY, AND
HEALTH BENEFITS
• IMPROVE COMFORT, BY BETTER MANAGING TEMPERATURE.
• IMPROVE HEALTH, BY BETTER MANAGING FRESH AIR THROUGHOUT THE
BUILDING
• REDUCE NOISE
• REQUIRE LESS ENERGY
• HAVE LOWER GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
• ARE MORE DURABLE

KEY FEATURES OF A ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING -

WHILE DESIGN COSTS, OPTIONS, AND STYLES VARY, MOST ENERGY-EFFICIENT HOMES HAVE
SOME BASIC ELEMENTS IN COMMON: A WELL- CONSTRUCTED AND TIGHTLY SEALED THERMAL
ENVELOPE; CONTROLLED VENTILATION; PROPERLY SIZED, HIGH-EFFICIENCY HEATING AND
COOLING SYSTEMS; AND ENERGY-EFFICIENT DOORS, WIN- DOWS, AND APPLIANCES.

INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC) -

THE INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC), PART OF THE CONFEDERATION OF INDIAN INDUSTRY (CII) WAS FORMED IN THE YEAR 2001.
THE VISION OF THE COUNCIL IS, "TO ENABLE A SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL AND FACILITATE INDIA TO BE ONE OF THE GLOBAL
LEADERS IN THE SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT BY 2025."
THE COUNCIL OFFERS A WIDE ARRAY OF SERVICES WHICH INCLUDE DEVELOPING NEW GREEN BUILDING RATING PROGRAMMES,
CERTIFICATION SERVICES AND GREEN BUILDING TRAINING PROGRAMMES. THE COUNCIL ALSO ORGANISES GREEN BUILDING CONGRESS, ITS
ANNUAL FLAGSHIP EVENT ON GREEN BUILDINGS.
THE COUNCIL IS COMMITTEE-BASED, MEMBER-DRIVEN AND CONSENSUS-FOCUSED. ALL THE STAKEHOLDERS OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
COMPRISING OF ARCHITECTS, DEVELOPERS, PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS, CORPORATE, GOVERNMENT, ACADEMIA AND NODAL AGENCIES
PARTICIPATE IN THE COUNCIL ACTIVITIES THROUGH LOCAL CHAPTERS. THE COUNCIL ALSO CLOSELY WORKS WITH SEVERAL STATE GOVERNMENTS,
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, WORLD GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL, BILATERAL MULTI-LATERAL AGENCIES IN PROMOTING GREEN BUILDING CONCEPTS
IN THE COUNTRY.
GREEN BUILDING MOVEMENT IN INDIA -
THE GREEN BUILDING MOVEMENT IN INDIA WAS TRIGGERED OFF WHEN CII-SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE BUILDING IN
HYDERABAD WAS AWARDED WITH THE FIRST AND THE PRESTIGIOUS PLATINUM RATED GREEN BUILDING RATING IN INDIA. SINCE THEN,
GREEN BUILDING MOVEMENT IN INDIA HAS GAINED TREMENDOUS IMPETUS OVER THE YEARS.
WITH A MODEST BEGINNING OF 20,000 SQ.FT. GREEN BUILT-UP AREA IN THE COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 2003, TODAY (AS ON 20TH JULY
2022) MORE THAN 8,254 GREEN BUILDINGS PROJECTS COMING UP WITH A FOOTPRINT OF OVER 8.30 BILLION SQ.FT ARE REGISTERED WITH
THE INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC), OUT OF WHICH 2,846 GREEN BUILDING PROJECTS ARE CERTIFIED AND FULLY FUNCTIONAL IN
INDIA. THIS GROWTH HAS BEEN POSSIBLE WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF ALL STAKEHOLDERS IN THE GREEN BUILDING MOVEMENT.
TODAY ALL TYPES OF BUILDINGS ARE GOING THE GREEN WAY- GOVERNMENT, IT PARKS, OFFICES, RESIDENTIAL, BANKS, AIRPORTS,
CONVENTION CENTRE, INSTITUTIONS, HOSPITALS, HOTELS, FACTORIES, SEZS, TOWNSHIPS, SCHOOLS, METROS ETC.,

IGBC RATING SYSTEMS -

GREEN BUILDING RATING BRINGS TOGETHER A HOST OF SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS. GREEN BUILDING DESIGN PROVIDES AN INTEGRATED APPROACH CONSIDERING LIFE CYCLE IMPACTS OF THE RESOURCES USED.
AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT IN THE GROWTH OF GREEN BUILDING MOVEMENT IN INDIA IS THE LAUNCH OF THE FOLLOWING IGBC
GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS:
IGBC GREEN NEW BUILDINGS -
THE GREEN CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES IN THE BUILDING SECTOR CAN HELP ADDRESS NATIONAL ISSUES LIKE WATER EFFICIENCY,
ENERGY EFFICIENCY, REDUCTION IN FOSSIL FUEL USE IN COMMUTING, HANDLING OF CONSUMER WASTE AND CONSERVING NATURAL
RESOURCES. MOST IMPORTANTLY, THESE CONCEPTS CAN ENHANCE OCCUPANT HEALTH, HAPPINESS AND WELL-BEING.
IGBC HAS SET UP THE GREEN NEW BUILDINGS CORE COMMITTEE UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF AR. RAGHAVENDRAN, TO DEVELOP THE
RATING PROGRAMME. THIS COMMITTEE COMPRISED OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS INCLUDING ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, CONSULTANTS, DEVELOPERS,
OWNERS, INSTITUTIONS, MANUFACTURERS AND INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES. THE COMMITTEE, WITH A DIVERSE BACKGROUND AND
KNOWLEDGE HAS ENRICHED THE RATING SYSTEM, BOTH IN ITS CONTENT AND PROCESS.
BENEFITS -
GREEN NEW BUILDINGS CAN HAVE TREMENDOUS BENEFITS, BOTH TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE. THE MOST TANGIBLE BENEFITS ARE THE
REDUCTION IN WATER AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION RIGHT FROM DAY ONE OF OCCUPANCY. THE ENERGY SAVINGS COULD RANGE FROM 20 -
30 % AND WATER SAVINGS AROUND 30 - 50%. THE INTANGIBLE BENEFITS OF GREEN NEW BUILDINGS INCLUDE ENHANCED AIR QUALITY,
EXCELLENT DAYLIGHTING, HEALTH & WELL-BEING OF THE OCCUPANTS, SAFETY BENEFITS AND CONSERVATION OF SCARCE NATIONAL
RESOURCES.

IGBC GREEN NEW BUILDINGS RATING SYSTEM ADDRESSES GREEN FEATURES UNDER THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
• SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
• SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING
• WATER CONSERVATION
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• BUILDING MATERIALS AND RESOURCES
• INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
• INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT
SCOPE -
IGBC GREEN NEW BUILDINGS RATING SYSTEM® IS DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR NEW BUILDINGS. NEW BUILDINGS INCLUDE (BUT ARE NOT
LIMITED TO) OFFICES, IT PARKS, BANKS, SHOPPING MALLS, HOTELS, AIRPORTS, STADIUMS, CONVENTION CENTERS, LIBRARIES, MUSEUMS, ETC.,
BUILDING TYPES SUCH AS RESIDENTIAL, FACTORY BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS WILL BE COVERED UNDER OTHER IGBC RATING PROGRAMMES.
 IGBC GREEN NEW BUILDINGS RATING SYSTEM IS BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES:
1.OWNER-OCCUPIED BUILDINGS ARE THOSE WHEREIN 51% OR MORE OF THE BUILDING'S BUILT-UP AREA IS OCCUPIED BY THE OWNER.

2.TENANT-OCCUPIED BUILDINGS ARE THOSE WHEREIN 51% OR MORE OF THE BUILDING'S BUILT-UP AREA IS OCCUPIED BY THE TENANTS
THE PROJECT TEAM CAN EVALUATE ALL THE
POSSIBLE POINTS TO APPLY UNDER THE
RATING SYSTEM USING A SUITABLE CHECKLIST
(OWNER-OCCUPIED BUILDINGS AND TENANT-
OCCUPIED BUILDINGS). THE PROJECT CAN
APPLY FOR IGBC GREEN NEW BUILDINGS
RATING SYSTEM® CERTIFICATION, IF IT CAN
MEET ALL MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS AND
ACHIEVE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED POINTS.
IGBC GREEN HOMES -
IGBC GREEN HOMES® RATING SYSTEM IS A VOLUNTARY AND CONSENSUS BASED PROGRAMME. THE RATING SYSTEM HAS BEEN
DEVELOPED BASED ON MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE PRESENTLY AVAILABLE.
THE OBJECTIVE OF IGBC GREEN HOMES® IS TO FACILITATE THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SITE RESOURCES, WATER CONSERVATION, ENERGY
EFFICIENCY, HANDLING OF HOUSE-HOLD WASTE, OPTIMUM MATERIAL UTILIZATION AND DESIGN FOR HEALTHY, COMFORTABLE &
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY HOMES.
BENEFITS - SCOPE -
TANGIBLE BENEFITS:
•  INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTIAL UNIT
• ENERGY SAVINGS : 20 - 30%
•  MULTI-DWELLING RESIDENTIAL UNITS
• WATER SAVINGS : 30 - 50%
               O GATED COMMUNITIES.
INTANGIBLE BENEFITS:
               O HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS.
• ENHANCED AIR QUALITY
               O HOSTELS, SERVICE APARTMENTS, RESORTS, MOTELS
• EXCELLENT DAY LIGHTING
AND GUEST HOUSES.
• HEALTH & WELLBEING OF THE OCCUPANTS
• CONSERVATION OF SCARCE NATIONAL RESOURCES
• ENHANCE MARKETABILITY FOR THE PROJECT
IGBC GREEN HOMES® RATING SYSTEM
ADDRESSES GREEN FEATURES UNDER THE
FOLLOWING CATEGORIES :
• SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING
• WATER CONSERVATION
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• MATERIALS & RESOURCES
• INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
• INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS
IGBC GREEN SCHOOLS -
THE SCHOOL RATING SYSTEM IS UNIQUE
IN THE SENSE THAT IT ADDRESSES ECO-
EDUCATION, HEALTH & HYGIENE BESIDES
THE INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES,
ENERGY EFFICIENCY, WATER
CONSERVATION AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT. ASPECTS LIKE
NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY &
SAFETY ARE ALSO ADDRESSED.

IGBC GREEN RESORTS -

IGBC GREEN RESORTS RATING SYSTEM IS
DESIGNED FOR RESORTS, BOTH EXISTING
AND NEWLY CONSTRUCTED OF ANY SIZE
AND TYPOLOGY. THE NEWLY
CONSTRUCTED RESORTS SHOULD BE
OPERATIONAL FOR AT LEAST THREE
MONTHS BEFORE APPLYING FOR RATING.

IGBC GREEN FACTORY BUILDINGS -

TANGIBLEBENEFITS
• ENERGY SAVINGS : 30 - 40%
• WATER SAVINGS : 20 - 30%
INTANGIBLE BENEFITS
ENHANCED INDOOR AIR QUALITY
• GOOD DAY LIGHTING
• HEALTH & WELLBEING OF THE OCCUPANTS
• SAFETY OF THE WORKMEN

VALIDITY OF CERTIFICATION -
IGBC GREEN FACTORY BUILDINGS RATING IS VALID FOR A PERIOD OF 3 YEARS FROM THE DATE OF ISSUE OF THE CERTIFICATION.
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS, WHICH ARE NON-NEGOTIABLE.
FOR RECERTIFICATION, THE PROJECTS HAVE TO SHOW COMPLIANCE TO THE LATEST VERSION OF IGBC GREEN FACTORY BUILDINGS RATING
PREVAILING AT THE TIME OF RECERTIFICATION.
IGBC GREEN CAMPUS -
GREEN CAMPUSES CAN HAVE TREMENDOUS BENEFITS, BOTH
TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE. THE MOST TANGIBLE BENEFITS ARE
THE REDUCTION IN WATER AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION RIGHT
FROM DAY ONE OF OCCUPANCY. THE ENERGY SAVINGS COULD
RANGE FROM 20 -30 % AND WATER SAVINGS AROUND 30 - 50%.
INTANGIBLE BENEFITS OF GREEN CAMPUS INCLUDE HEALTH &
WELL-BEING OF THE OCCUPANTS, ENHANCING AIR QUALITY &
PROMOTING BIODIVERSITY, SAFETY BENEFITS AND
CONSERVATION OF SCARCE NATIONAL RESOURCES.

IGBC NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS -

IGBC NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING RATING SYSTEM ADDRESSES
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY THROUGH THE
FOLLOWING SECTIONS:
ENERGY PERFORMANCE
     O SIMULATION APPROACH NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING (NZEB) RATING IS APPLICABLE TO COMMERCIAL,
     O PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH INDUSTRIAL AS WELL AS RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECTS THOSE ARE ABLE
                O ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING ENVELOPE TO OFF-SET 100% ANNUAL GRID ENERGY USE BY RENEWABLE ENERGY
                O AIR CONDITIONING SOURCES (EITHER ON-SITE AND OR OFF-SITE). THESE BUILDINGS INCLUDE
                O LIGHTING BUT NOT LIMITED TO OFFICES, BANKS, IT PARKS, SHOPPING MALLS, HOTELS,
                O APPLIANCES HOSPITALS, AIRPORTS, CONVENTION CENTERS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
TRENEWABLE ENERGY (SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, UNIVERSITY CAMPUS), FACTORY BUILDING/ PROJECTS,
THERMAL COMFORT, INDOOR TEMPERATURE AND RH WAREHOUSES, RAILWAY STATIONS, ETC.

IGBC NET ZERO WASTE RATING SYSTEM FOR BUILDINGS & BUILT ENVIRONMENT -
THE 'NET ZERO WASTE RATING SYSTEM FOR
BUILDINGS & BUILT ENVIRONMENT' CAN BE
APPLIED ON ALL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES
INCLUDING RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL,
FACTORIES, INTERIOR FITOUTS,
HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS,
RETAIL SHOPS, TRANSIT BUILDINGS,
TOWNSHIPS, CITIES, ETC.
LEED ( LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN) -
IN APRIL 1993, RICK FEDRIZZI, DAVID GOTTFRIED AND MIKE ITALIANO CONVENED REPRESENTATIVES FROM 60 FIRMS AND SEVERAL
NONPROFITS IN THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS’ BOARDROOM FOR THE FOUNDING MEETING. IT WAS THEN THAT IDEAS WERE
SHARED FOR AN OPEN AND BALANCED COALITION SPANNING THE ENTIRE BUILDING INDUSTRY AND FOR A GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM,
WHICH WOULD LATER BECOME LEED.
LEED PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTHY, EFFICIENT, CARBON AND COST-SAVING GREEN BUILDINGS. LEED CERTIFICATION IS A
GLOBALLY RECOGNIZED SYMBOL OF SUSTAINABILITY ACHIEVEMENT AND LEADERSHIP.

LEED RATING SYSTEM -

 PROJECTS GO THROUGH A VERIFICATION AND REVIEW PROCESS BY GBCI AND ARE AWARDED POINTS THAT CORRESPOND TO A LEVEL OF LEED
CERTIFICATION: CERTIFIED (40-49 POINTS), SILVER (50-59 POINTS), GOLD (60-79 POINTS) AND PLATINUM (80+ POINTS).

ALL LEED CREDITS, 35% OF THE CREDITS IN LEED ARE RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE, 20% OF THE CREDITS DIRECTLY IMPACT HUMAN HEALTH,
15% OF THE CREDITS IMPACT WATER RESOURCES, 10% OF THE CREDITS AFFECT BIODIVERSITY, 10% OF THE CREDITS RELATE TO THE GREEN
ECONOMY, 5% OF THE CREDITS IMPACT COMMUNITY AND 5% OF THE CREDITS IMPACT NATURAL RESOURCES. IN LEED V4.1, A MAJORITY OF
THE LEED CREDITS ARE RELATED TO OPERATIONAL AND EMBODIED CARBON.

LEED SYSTEM GOALS -

LEED IS A HOLISTIC SYSTEM THAT DOESN’T SIMPLY FOCUS ON ONE ELEMENT OF A BUILDING SUCH AS ENERGY, WATER OR HEALTH, RATHER IT
LOOKS AT THE BIG PICTURE FACTORING IN ALL OF THE CRITICAL ELEMENTS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO CREATE THE BEST BUILDING POSSIBLE.
THE GOAL OF LEED IS TO CREATE BETTER BUILDINGS THAT
• REDUCE CONTRIBUTION TO • PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AND
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE REGENERATIVE MATERIAL CYCLES
• ENHANCE INDIVIDUAL HUMAN HEALTH • ENHANCE COMMUNITY QUALITY OF LIFE
• PROTECT AND RESTORE WATER RESOURCES
• PROTECT AND ENHANCE BIODIVERSITYAND
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
 1. EXAMPLE OF A GREEN BUILDING -

ITC MAURYA, NEW DELHI -

ADDRESS: SARDAR PATEL MARG, DIPLOMATIC
ENCLAVE, NEW DELHI,INDIA, 110021
LAST CERTIFIED ON: DECEMBER 19, 2010
CERTIFICATION LEVEL: PLATINUM

ECO-TOURISM -
ECO-TOURISM, BY DEFINITION, PLACES EMPHASIS
ON ENERGY, CONSERVATION, ECOLOGY &
COMMUNITY. ITC MAURYA HAS COME TO BE
KNOWN AS THE “GREENEST LUXURY HOTEL CHAIN IN
THE WORLD,” WITH ALL ITS 10 PREMIUM LUXURY
HOTELS LEED (LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY &
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN) PLATINUM CERTIFIED.

 ITC MAURYA HOTELS, INDIA’S PREMIUM HOSPITALITY CHAIN HAS SUCCESSFULLY INCORPORATED ITS PHILOSOPHY OF “RESPONSIBLE LUXURY” –
COMBINING ELEMENTS OF LUXURY & ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY OPERATIONS.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY -
•  ITC MAURYA USES 23% LESS ENERGY THAN USGBC’S NATIONAL AVERAGE FOR LARGE SIZE LUXURY HOTELS.
• USAGE OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM FOR HOT WATER & LOW PRESSURE STEAM APPLICATION.
• USAGE OF NON-OZONE DEPLETING GASES FOR REFRIGERATION.
• HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) SYSTEM, THERMAL SYSTEM, WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & BUILDING
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNDERWENT RETRO-COMMISSIONING TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCIES.
WATER EFFICIENCY -
• SENSOR OPERATED & WATERLESS URINALS, DUAL FLUSH WATER CLOSETS HAVE REDUCED THE WATER CONSUMPTION BY 33% AGAINST
USGBC STANDARDS.
• ONLY TREATED RECYCLED WATER IS USED FOR LANDSCAPE, COOLING TOWER & MISCELLANEOUS CLEANING RESULTING IN FURTHER
REDUCTION OF WATER CONSUMPTION.
• EXCESS TREATED RECYCLED WATER IS GIVEN TO GOVERNMENT BODIES FOR IRRIGATION OF LANDSCAPES, GARDENS & FORESTS.
• REDUCED WATER DEMAND IN COOLING TOWER THROUGH AUTOMATION.
SUSTAINABLE SITE DEVELOPMENT -
• 87% OF ASSOCIATES TRAVEL BY EITHER PUBLIC TRANSPORT OR USE POOLED VEHICLES.
• THE HOTEL’S RAIN WATER HARVESTING CAPACITY, IS 30% OF THE PEAK RAINFALL. THIS HELPS IN REDUCING WATER DEMAND & RUN-OFF.
• STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO PROTECT THE ECOLOGICAL STABILITY OF THE IMMEDIATE SURROUNDINGS & LANDSCAPE.
• THE BUILDING CONSCIOUSLY PROMOTES CULTIVATION OF NATIVE PLANTS (COVERING MORE THAN 25% OF BUILDING AREA).
• OVER 75% OF ROOF AREA IS COVERED WITH A SPECIAL PAINT THAT HAS A HIGH SOLAR REFLECTIVE INDEX, THEREBY REDUCING THE
COOLING DEMAND.
• EXTERIOR HARDSCAPE IS MAINTAINED WITHOUT USE OF CHEMICALS.

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT QUALITY -

• INCREASED TREATED FRESH AIR INFUSION FOR HIGHER HUMAN PRODUCTIVITY
AND BETTER HEALTH.
• ENHANCED OCCUPANT THERMAL COMFORT.  GREEN SEAL CERTIFIED
HOUSEKEEPING CHEMICALS AND EQUIPMENT.
• MECHANICAL MEANS OF ELIMINATION OF RODENTS AND USE OF ECO-
RESPONSIBLE PESTICIDES.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS & PURCHASING - 

•  MORE THAN 50% OF ONGOING CONSUMABLES USED AT ITC MAURYA ARE
EITHER LOCAL OR RECYCLED.
• LOW VOC (VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS) PAINTS & FSC (FOREST
STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL) CERTIFIED WOOD IS USED FOR REFURBISHMENTS &
RENOVATIONS.
• MORE THAN 30% OF THE FOOD & BEVERAGE USED IS HARVESTED & PROCESSED
LOCALLY WITHIN 160 KILOMETRES OF THE HOTEL.
• USAGE OF LED LAMPS THAT ARE ENERGY EFFICIENT & NO MERCURY CONTENT.
• MORE THAN 99% OF THE TOTAL SOLID WASTE IS EITHER REUSED OR RECYCLED
THROUGH RECYCLING PROGRAMS OR CONVERTED INTO MANURE BY ORGANIC
WASTE CONVERTER.
 WATER POSITIVE FACILITY -
ITC MAURYA BOASTS OF BEING A WATER-POSITIVE FACILITY. IT IS ABLE TO GENERATE
MORE WATER THAN IT CONSUMES. NET WATER CONSUMPTION ACROSS VARIOUS
ITC FACILITIES IN 2003-04 WAS 8.44 MILLION KILOLITRES & THE TOTAL POTENTIAL CREATED THROUGH RWH (RAIN WATER HARVESTING) WAS
16.06 MILLION KILOLITRES. “THE HOTEL HAS MINIMISED CONSUMPTION OF WATER, ENERGY & ALL OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES. WE COMPLY
WITH ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION & THE EFFORT IS NOT JUST TO REDUCE, REUSE & RECYCLE THE RESOURCES CONSUMED BY THE
FACILITY, BUT TO SURPASS THE SET BENCHMARK.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING -
 ITC MAURYA AFFECTED A RAIN WATER HARVESTING (RWH) SYSTEM BACKED BY SOME STATE-OF-THE-ART INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES &
TECHNOLOGIES SOME TWO YEARS AGO. AT THE TIME, WHEN THE HOTEL WAS INTRODUCED TO RWH SYSTEM AT AN INVESTMENT OF ABOUT
RS. 20 LAKH, ITS SEVEN BORE WELLS WERE DRAWING WATER FROM 85 TO 90 FEET UNDERGROUND. IN LITTLE LESS THAN TWO YEARS, THE
WATER TABLE HAS WITNESSED DRASTIC RECHARGE IN THE AREA AROUND THE HOTEL & THE BORE WELLS TODAY HAVE TO DRAW WATER UP TO
35 - 40 FEET UNDER THE GROUND.
APART FROM RECHARGING THE WATER TABLE, IT HAS ALSO PROVIDED CRITICAL IRRIGATION TO MOISTURE STARVED SURROUNDING
AREAS. AT THE SAME TIME, THE HOTEL HAS ALSO REDUCED ITS DEPENDENCY ON BORE WELLS, BY REDUCING ITS OVERALL WATER
CONSUMPTION.
HALF OF THE WATER REQUIREMENT IS MET BY NEW DELHI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION (NDMC). “OUR REVISED TARGET IS TO FURTHER
REDUCE OUR WATER CONSUMPTION TO 450 KILOLITRES”, SAYS HAKSAR. IF THIS TARGET IS ACHIEVED, IT WILL MEAN A WHOPPING 50 PER
CENT REDUCTION COMPARED TO THE AMOUNT OF WATER IT USED TO DRAW A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO.
WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES -
• INTERNAL WATER AUDITS ARE CARRIED OUT TO HIGHLIGHT HIGH CONSUMPTION
AREAS & AN ACTION PLAN IS FORMED TO RESTRICT THE SAME.
• THE COMPANY HAS INSTALLED WATER METERS TO TRACK WATER CONSUMPTION.
• IN ORDER TO SAVE PUMPING ENERGY & FOR WATER BIFURCATION, THE
WATERLINE IS BIFURCATED INTO LOWER HEAD & HIGHER HEAD REQUIREMENTS.
• PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED IN LINES, WHICH HAVE
LOW PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS.
• FLOW RESTRICTORS/AERATORS ARE INTRODUCED AT ALL GUEST ROOMS (IN
WASH BASINS & SHOWER FITTINGS).
• W/CS CISTERNS, WITH DUAL FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT IS USED IN PLACE OF
CONVENTIONAL FLUSH VALVES.
• TREATED EFFLUENT DISCHARGED FROM ETP IS UTILISED FOR HORTICULTURAL
PURPOSES AND COOLING TOWERS.

• OCCUPANCY SENSORS ARE USED FOR ALL GUEST BATHROOMS & PUBLIC AREAS.
• ENHANCEMENT OF ETP TO STP PLANT WITH ENERGY EFFICIENT PUMPS.
• CHILLED WATER FLOW FOR THE ALL AHUS & TFAS IS ADJUSTED BY THE USE OF
TWO WAY VALVES IN THE PIPELINE DEPENDING ON THE LOAD, THE TWO WAY
VALVES ADJUST THE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH THE COILS.
 2. EXAMPLE OF A GREEN BUILDING -
INFOSYS BPO LIMITED- JAIPUR
INFOSYS BPO LIMITED, THE BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING SUBSIDIARY OF INFOSYS
TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED, HAS WON THE 'PLATINUM' RATING BY LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (LEED) FOR ITS BUILDING IN JAIPUR, INDIA. PLATINUM
CERTIFICATION IS THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION UNDER THE INDIAN
GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL'S LEED RATING SYSTEM. THE LEED GREEN BUILDING SYSTEM IS AN
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BENCHMARK FOR THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OF HIGH PERFORMANCE GREEN BUILDINGS.
BUILT ON A TOTAL FLOOR AREA OF 3,30,000 SQUARE FEET, THE INFOSYS
BPO BUILDING IN JAIPUR IS ONE OF THE LARGEST PLATINUM RATED BUILDINGS IN INDIA. THE
BUILDING WAS CONCEIVED AND BUILT WITH A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY IN FIVE
KEY AREAS: SUSTAINABLE SITE DEVELOPMENT, WATER SAVING, ENERGY EFFICIENCY,
MATERIALS SELECTION AND INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. THIS BUILDING IS EXPECTED
TO CONSUME 30% LESS ENERGY AS COMPARED TO THE BASE CASE BUILDING, AS PER ASHRAE
90.1-2004 REQUIREMENTS.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE INFOSYS BPO BUILDING IN JAIPUR INCLUDE:
 EFFICIENT BUILDING ENVELOPE: HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING ENVELOPE CONSISTING OF
INSULATED WALLS AND SPECTRALLY SELECTED WINDOWS WITH A LOW WINDOW TO WALL
RATIO, REDUCES THE TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN THE BUILDING. 
 EFFICIENT LIGHTING & EQUIPMENT: LIGHTING DESIGN OF 0.65 WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT
ACHIEVING 40% IMPROVEMENT OVER TRADITIONAL DESIGNS. LIGHTING DESIGN COUPLED
WITH THE USE OF 5-STAR RATED, ENERGY EFFICIENT COMPUTERS REDUCES ENERGY LOAD AS
WELL AS INTERNAL HEAT GAINS.
 EFFICIENT AIR-CONDITIONING: AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM EQUIPPED WITH MULTI-STAGE AIR HANDLING UNITS WHICH OPERATE ON FREE
COOLING, EVAPORATIVE COOLING AND AIR-CONDITIONING MODES DURING NIGHTS AND WINTERS, ACHIEVING MORE THAN 30% EFFICIENCY
OVER A TRADITIONAL SYSTEM. 
 ON SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY: A BATTERY-FREE 250 KW ROOF TOP SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION MEETING 7.5% OF THE TOTAL
POWER REQUIREMENT IS BEING PROVIDED, TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE HIGH SOLAR INSOLATION IN JAIPUR.
 LOW ENERGY MATERIALS: 13% OF THE TOTAL MATERIAL IS RECYCLED MATERIAL, THEREBY REDUCING VIRGIN MATERIAL EXPLOITATION. 80%
OF THE TOTAL MATERIAL IS MANUFACTURED LOCALLY AND OVER 59% OF THIS MATERIAL HAS ALSO BEEN EXTRACTED REGIONALLY, THEREBY
REDUCING THE POLLUTION DUE TO TRANSPORTATION.
 WATER SUSTAINABILITY: 57 INTERCONNECTED RECHARGE WELLS HAVE BEEN BUILT ACROSS THE CAMPUS TO CAPTURE & SEQUESTER EVERY
DROP OF RAIN WATER. LOW FLOW DUAL-FLUSH TOILETS, SENSOR BASED URINALS AND OTHER WATER EFFICIENT FIXTURES HAVE BEEN
PROVIDED, REDUCING WATER CONSUMPTION BY OVER 40%. SEWAGE WATER IS TREATED IN THE STATE-OF-THE-ART MEMBRANE BIO
REACTOR (MBR) PLANT AND REUSED FOR FLUSHING AND AIR-CONDITIONING. 100% OF THE WATER REQUIRED FOR LANDSCAPING IS FROM
TREATED WATER AND NO POTABLE WATER IS USED.
 REFERENCE
• https://www.usgbc.org/leed
• https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-top-6-sustainable-architecture-strategies-for-public-building-design-2018-10-03/
• https://www.sustainable.to/strategies#:~:text=Active%20design%20strategies%20use%20purchased,recovery%20ventilators%2C%20and
%20electric%20lighting.
• https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/infosys-bpo-jaipur-building-earns-leed-india-platinum-rating-
110121500110_1.html
• https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showratingSysnosign#IGBC%20Rating%20Systems

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