Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 3
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components
of social structure affect human
interaction.
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Social Structure -the network of interrelated
statuses and roles that guide human interaction,
give society its enduring characteristics and make
patterns of human interaction predictable
Status – a socially defined position in a group or in
a society and has attached to it one or more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect how they relate
to one another.
Statuses are ways of defining where individuals fit in society
and how they relate to others
ascribed status – assigned according to qualities beyond a
person’s control
achieved status – acquired through individuals own direct
efforts
master status – one status tends to out-rank others, plays
the greatest role in one’s life and determining social identity
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Roles are the components of social structure
that bring statuses to life.
reciprocal roles – corresponding roles that
define the patterns of interaction between
related statuses
role expectations – socially determined
behaviors expected of a person performing a
role
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
role performance – actual role behavior, does not
always match expectations
role set – the different roles attached to a single
status
role strain – occurs when a person has difficulty
meeting the role expectations of a single status
role conflict – occurs between two statuses when
trying to fulfill expectations
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Role exit:
Statuses and their related roles
determine the structure of groups in
society.
social institution – statuses and roles are
organized to satisfy one or more of the
basic needs of society
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of
social interaction.
Distinguish between types of
interactions that stabilize social
structure and those that can disrupt it.
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types of Social Interaction
When playing a role, must interact with others
Interactions either change or stabilize society
1. exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
reciprocity – you do something for someone
else, they owe you something in return
exchange theory – people are motivated by self-
interest in their interactions
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types of Social Interaction
2.Competition – two or more people or groups in opposition to
achieve a goal that only one can attain
positive means of motivating people to perform roles society asks
can also lead to psychological stress, lack of cooperation in social
relationships, inequality, and conflict
3. Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to
oppose someone else, or to harm another person
sources of conflict: war, within group, legal disputes, clashes
over ideology
positive effects: reinforces group boundaries, strengthens group
loyalty, draw attention away from internal problems, lead to
social change
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of
societies that exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in
these models of group systems.
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
role behavior takes place in groups
group – set of people who interact on the basis of
shared expectations and who possess some degree
of common identity
largest and most complex groups are societies
Sociologists classify societies according to
subsistence strategies.
subsistence strategies – way a society uses
technology to provide for the needs of members
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
hunting and gathering, pastoral societies, horticultural
society, agricultural society
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
leads to urbanization
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
73% of Americans
SmartNotebook Activity
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Types of Groups
Features of Primary Groups:
Interact over a long period of time on a
direct and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Types of Groups
Features of Secondary Groups:
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited in personal involvement
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Types of Groups
Features of Reference Groups:
group with whom individuals identify and whose
attitudes and values they adopt
Features of In-Groups and Out-Groups
in-group – group that a person belongs to and
identifies with
out-group – any group that the person does not
belong to or identify with
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Types of Groups
Features of E-communities
e-community – people interact with one
another regularly on the Internet
Features of Social Networks
social network – web of relationships that is
formed by the sum total of a person’s
interactions with other people
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes and
opinions of others
instrumental leaders – task oriented
expressive leaders – emotion oriented
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell who
belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are
structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of
bureaucracies.
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
What are Formal Organizations?
Sociologists use the term formal organization to
describe a large, complex secondary group that has
been established to achieve specific goals.
Most organizations are structured in the form of a
bureaucracy.
bureaucracy – a ranked authority structure that operates
according to specific rules and procedures
Bureaucracies were created to rationally organize
groups to complete a set of goals
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
work is divided among specialists in various positions,
expected to complete specific task
Ranking of Authority
clear-cut lines of authority, each is responsible to a
supervisor at a higher level
Employment based on formal qualifications
individuals are hired based on tests, education, or previous
experience
Rules and regulations
identify the responsibilities of each person
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
job security and seniority
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape,
and result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence
and expands uncontrollably