Analysis of Organic Polymer based PVA/CNF

Piezoresistive Membranes
M.Tech Thesis Presentstion
Presented By-
Anshika Patel
Id- 20062057
M.Tech(VLSI Design and Systems)
Under Supervision of-
Dr. Varij Panwar

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Dehradun 1
 Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Literature Survey
• Materials and Fabrication Process
• Result and Discussion
• Conclusion
• References
• List of Publications

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 Introduction
 In today’s life, many electronic devices or appliances have become an integral part of human life. We are surrounded by
electronic gadgets in our daily life, but these devices also have their pros and cons.
 Despite being advantageous they also contribute to the E-waste.
 From here organic polymers came into light because of their eco-friendly nature and bio-compatibility.
 And also got attention with its wide range of applications
 In textiles, in utensils, in water filtration.
 In electronics( mainly in sensors).
 Nowadays, sensors made of organic polymers are used widely in the field of electronics and numerous scientific groups
because of their various properties and applications (like piezoelectric sensors, piezoresistive sensors, transducers, fuel cells,
and biosensors).
 Organic polymer membranes with piezoresistive properties are like a double benefit as they have been used in many
applications.
 In the biomedical field as biosensors.
 Also as piezoresistive transducers.
 As piezoresistive accelerometers.
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 The term Piezoresistivity describes the change in electrical resistance that occurs when an external force is applied to a
metal, semiconductor, and polymer as R=ρ·l/A . Fig. 1 shows the mechanism of piezoresistivity.

 The sensitivity and gauge factor (G) are the two parameters which are used for analyzing piezoresistive behavior of the
membranes (Sensitivity =∆R/Ri, .

So, in this work are PVA/CNF (organic polymers) composite

membranes are fabricated.
Electrical properties like dieletric properties, electrical conductivity,
dissipation factor were analysed.
Analysis of change in resistance of membranes due to the result of
Fig. 1 Mechanism of Piezoresistivity
bending.

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 Literature Survey
 Pure PVA membranes were analyzed on the basis of their cross-link properties and researchers concluded that they can be used as
organic oil absorbers and packaging films [8].

 PVA based porous membranes can be used for water treatment and nanoparticle addition, can boost the properties and durability of PVA
membranes, introducing them into new and exciting fields [9].

 So, in 2010 researchers developed PVA and Cellulose Nanofiber composites and demonstrated its enhanced thermochemical properties
through different analyses, [10].

 In 2017 a comparative study of cellulose nanofibers/polymer and carbon nanofibers/polymer composites was done and was evaluated
that Carbon Nanofibres/Polymer composite has a stronger structure than Cellulose Nanofibres/Polymers, the tensile stress and Young's
modulus of this composite are higher than the other [11].

 Then after some gap PVA and Carbon Nanofibers(CNF), composite membranes were developed for water purification [12]

 Some researchers analyzed the thermal conductivity of PVA-based CNF membranes to use them as thermal interface material [13].

 In 2016 PVA/CNF composite membranes were developed to analyze their mechanical properties and the flexural test suggested that
[14].

 In 2000, metal alloys and carbon bonded strain gauge were used as piezoresistive sensors.

 In 2010, researchers worked on polymer composites with piezoresistive effect.

 In the present work, we developed the PVA/CNF(Carbon Nanofibers) composite membranes and analyzed them electrically through the
obtained plots.

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 Materials Used
PVA CNF

 PVA (Poly vinyl alcohol) is a fully biodegradable organic  CNF (Carbon Nanofibers) acts as a filler and has a
polymer and is obtained by the hydrolysis of vinyl acetate. molecular mass of 12.01 g/mol.

 It is an odorless, colorless, semi-crystalline polymer, its . It increases its mechanical and thermal properties while
melting point is about 180 ℃ to 190 ℃, molecular weight maintaining its biodegradability and transparency

ranges between 26000 to 30000 g/mol.

 These are cylindrical in structure and have a size on a
 PVA is a water-soluble, non-toxic, pH value lies between nanometer scale. CNF is prepared by the technique of
5.0-6.5. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) [7].

Fig. 2. (a) PVA (b) Molecular structure of Poly (vinyl alcohol)

Fig.3(a)-(c) Schematic demonstration of formation of cup-stacked structure 6
 Fabrication Process
Add the
Weigh all the
Material to be required
ingredients in a
used amount of DI
beaker
Water
Fig. 5. Magnetic Bead
Pour and peel
Heating at 80 Let the solution
off the
degree Centri. at rotate at speed
membrane Fig. 4. Weighing Machine
magnetic stirrer. of 190 rpm
formed.

Table 1: Different proportions of materials in membranes

Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Deionized CNF Fig. 7 Petri dish containing solution
O Fig. 6 Magnetic Stirrer

1gm 19ml 0gm

1gm 19ml 0.01gm

1gm 19ml 0.02gm

1gm 19ml 0.03gm

Fig. 8: (a) Pure PVA membrane (b) PVA/CNF(0.01gm) (c) PVA/CNF(0.03 gm)
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 Result and Discussion
At room temperature, a E4900A impedance analyzer (Keysight
Technologies) was used to examine the various electrical parameters.
Further, these parameters were used to calculate the dielectric constant
and AC Conductivity of membranes.

 Dielectric Constant

Values for dielectric constant can be computed using the equation (1)
 
-----(1)
 Conductivity Fig. 9 Impedance Analyzer

Equation (2) can be used to calculate the membrane’s conductivity.

----- (2)
 Dissipation Factor

We already got values of the dissipation factor through the impedance

analyzer and then graphs from those values.

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Fig. 10: Dielectric Constant Vs. Frequency graph
of different membranes
Fig. 11: Conductivity Vs. Frequency graph Fig. 12: Dissipation factor Vs. Frequency plot 9
 WATER UPTAKE OF MEMBRANES

Formula for calculation of water uptake is shown by equation (1)-

These results are calculated after keeping each membrane dipped in water for 24 hrs.

Before Water After Water Uptake Water Uptake

PVA/CNF Uptake
 

1gm 0.245 gm 0.491gm 0.246 gm

1gm/0.01gm 0.085 gm 0.170 gm 0.085 gm

1gm/0.02gm 0.033 gm 0.058 gm 0.025 gm

1gm/0.03gm 0.050 gm 0.065 gm 0.015 gm

Table 2: Table Showing WUP of Membranes membranes

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 Change in Resistance of Membranes
 The resistance of the membrane is calculated by attaching membranes to the customized bending machine at room
temperature and then observing the values in the connected multimeter.

 We note down the different values of resistance which appear on multimeter and then plot the graphs with respect to time.

MEMBRANE

MULTIM
ETER

Fig. 13. Measurement Setup to measure ΔR/R . 11

Fig. 14: Resistance Vs. Time graph of different composition of membranes due the result of bending 12
 Sensing Results
Membranes Ri(kΩ) Rf(kΩ) ΔR (kΩ) Sensitivity (ΔR/Ri)
(PVA/CNF)

Pure PVA (1gm) 672.67 920.91 248.24 0.16

1gm/0.01 630 920.91 290.91 0.46

1gm/0.02 592.35 721.43 80.32 0.21

1gm/0.03 369.26 477.62 108.36 0.29

The membrane having 0.01 gm of CNF shows the best sensing results as its sensitivity is the highest.

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 Conclusion
 Organic Polymer membrane was developed using PVA and CNF. After the formation of membranes, their
respective curves were obtained and initially it was found that the pure PVA membrane did not show
desirable results in terms of dielectric constant.

 Then the addition of CNF increased the dielectric effect of the membrane. The membrane containing 0.02 gm
of CNF achieves the best results in terms of dielectric property. As a result, it can be employed as a dielectric
in one of the layers of OTFTs.

 Conductivity was increasing initially but after reaching a resonance frequency, it began to decrease. The
values of the dissipation factor were also low.

 The membrane containing 0.01 gm of CNF shows the best results in terms of change in resistance due to
bending so it can be used in the application of pressure sensors.

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 References
[1] M. Irimia-Vladu, Green electronics: biodegradable and biocompatible materials and devices for sustainable future, Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 (2) (2014) 588–610.

[2] Kukreti, K., Rathod, A. P. S., & Kumar B., Recent advancements and overview of the organic solar cell. International Conference on Computing,

Communication, and Automation (ICCCA), 1539-1544. IEEE (2016)

[3] K. Kukreti, A.P.S. Rathod, B. Kumar, TiO2 Nanoparticles in Bulk Heterojunction P3HT-PCBM Organic Solar Cell, Journal of Graphic Era University 5 (2)

(2017) 97–111.

[4] L.S. Panwar, V. Panwar, S.S. Panwar, Performance Enhancement of PZT Wearable Blood Pressure Sensor using Cantilever Structure, in: In 2020 International

Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication & Materials (ICACCM), 2020, pp. 148–153.

[5] Khanduri, P., Panwar, V., Joshi, A., & Panwar, L. S. Synthesis and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol membrane. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2201,1,

020016(2019). AIP Publishing LLC.

[6] N. Ghorbel, Ali Kallela, Sami Boufi, Composites Part A, 124 (2019) 105465.

[7] Menghan Wang, Jianzhong Bai, Kan Shao, Wenwei Tang, Xueling Zhao, Donghai Lin, Shan Huang, Cheng Chen, Zheng Ding, and Jiayi Ye , Poly(vinyl alcohol)

Hydrogels: The Old and New Functional Materials, International Journal of Polymer Science Volume 2021, Article ID 2225426, 16 pages.

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• [8] Andreas A. Sapalidis, Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes: Preparation Methods and Applications, Institute of Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos ;Agia Paraskevi Attikis 153 41 ,Greece.

• [9] Maria S. Peresin, Youssef Habibi, Justin O. Zoppe, Joel J. Pawlak, and Orlando J. Rojas, Nanofiber Composites of Polyvinyl Alcohol and

Cellulose Nanocrystals: Manufacture and Characterization, Biomacromolecules 2010, 11, 674–681, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.

• [10] Ferial Ghaemi, Paridah Md Tahir, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, and Haniyeh Kargarzadeh, Comparative study of cellulose nanofiber and carbon

nanofiber effects as reinforcement fillers on mechanical properties of polypropylene composites, AIP Conference Proceedings 1901, 020019 (2017).

• [11] Tariq Jamil, Shamsa Munir, Qamar Wali, Gul Jamil Shah, Muhammad Ejaz Khan, and Rajan Jose, Water Purification through a Novel

Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber Membrane.

• [12] Jiangling Xiong1, Siran Chen, Yongbum Choi3 & Kazuhiro Matsugi, Development of polyvinyl alcohol ‑based carbon nano fiber sheet for

thermal interface material, |

• [13] N. Danni1 , T. Sasikumar1 , and A. Ahamed Fazil , Mechanical Properties of Electrospun CNF/PVA Nanofiber Mats as Reinforcement in

Polymer Matrix Composites , International Journal of Applied Chemistry. ISSN 0973-1792 Volume 12, Number 2 (2016) pp. 107-119

• [14] Elkington, D., Cooling, N., Belcher, W., Dastoor, C, P., Zhou, X. Organic Thin-Film Transistor (OTFT)-Based Sensors, 3(2), 234-254(2014)

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 List of Publications

 Anshika Patel, Varij Panwar, “Analysis of Organic Polymer Based PVA/CNF Membranes”, 21 May 2022.

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THANK YOU

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