5G Introduction

sandeep.13.kumar@nokia.com
2018.5.17

1 © Nokia 2016 Confidential

Agenda
• What is 5G?
• Expectation from 5G
• 5G timings in 3GPP
• 5G architecture
• 5G architecture options
• 5G Core overview
• 5G RAN interfaces
• Network slicing
• 5G New radio technology
• 5G NodeB architecture
•
2 5G NodeB SW/HW introduction
© Nokia 2016
• 5G
Confidential
What is 5G?

• As we call 4G as LTE, 5G as ?
• At least for now, the official name for 5G is NR that stands for New Radio.
• 'NR is a collection of technology from Physical layer to Core Network that need to achieve the following three major feature (requirement) as
illustrated below.

100 Mbps
whenever needed
>10 Gbps
peak data rates

Ext reme 10 000

x more traffic
Mobile
Broadband
10-100
x more devices

<1 ms
radio latency
M2M Massive Crit ical
ultra low cost machine machine
communicat ion communicat ion
10 years Ultra
on battery
reliability

3 © Nokia 2016
 Expectations from 5G

Gain vs LTE Target value Technology

• Bandwidth 1-2 GHz in cm and
10x data rates 20 Gbps mm waves

• High spectral efficiency

10x lower cost <2 cent/GB • Bandwidth 100 MHz
• New radio design
10x lower latency <1 ms • Distributed architecture
• Protocol optimization
10x lower IoT power <10 µWh per tx • Non-orthogonal uplink
• Lean carrier
5x energy efficiency <2 kWh/TB • Wideband carrier
• Massive MIMO, lean design,
3x spectral efficiency >10 bps/cell/Hz interference cancellation
4 © Nokia 2016
 5G timing in 3GPP

5G radio study Standalone + core Phase 2 with further 5G above

completed completed 5G use cases 40 GHz

5G core study Non-standalone

completed completed

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Release 15 Release 16 Release 17 Release 18

3G/HSPA LTE 5G

25.xxx 36.xxx 38.xxx

• 38.80x/38.91x Study items

• 38.1xx UE and BTS requirements
• 38.2xx Physical layer
• 38.3xx Protocols
5 © Nokia 2016 • 38.4xx Interfaces
5G launch scheduled

3GPP Release 8 Telia LTE launch 12 LTE launches

March 2009 December 2009 2H/2010
LTE
2008 2009 2010

3GPP Release 15 5G launch by end- Several 5G

March 2018 2018 launches 2019
5G
2017 2018 2019
6 © Nokia 2016
 5G
7 © Nokia 2016
5G Architecture Options

The 3GPP TR 38.801 provides

several RAN-CN interconnection
modes for NR access to suitably
capable UEs depending on

• whether LTE /5G RAN are

connected to EPC or 5GC
• whether LTE or 5G RAN acts
as connectivity anchor for C-
plane

• whether RAN acts as anchor

for U-plane
8 © Nokia 2016
5G Core overview

9 © Nokia 2016 Confidential

5GC network functions
Access and Mobility Management function (AMF) supports: Termination of NAS
signalling, NAS ciphering & integrity protection, registration management, connection
management, mobility management.

Session Management function (SMF) supports: session management (session

establishment, modification, release)
Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) supports: selecting of the Network Slice
instances to serve the UE.
Authentication Server Function (AUSF) acts as an authentication server. (part of
HSS from EPC world).
Network Exposure function (NEF) supports: exposure of capabilities and events, secure
provision of information from external application to 3GPP network.
SMS Function(SMSF) support SMS in 5GC.

Unified Data Management (UDM) supports: generation of Authentication and Key

Agreement (AKA)
Policy Control Function (PCF) supports: unified policy framework, providing
policy rules to CP functions.
User plane function (UPF) supports: packet routing & forwarding, packet
inspection, QoS handling, acts as external PDU session point of interconnect to Data
Network (DN), and is an anchor point for intra- & inter-RAT mobility. 
NF Repository function (NRF) supports: service discovery function, maintains NF
profile and available NF instances. (not present in EPC world)

Network Data Analytics function (NWDA) provides data for PCF

10 © Nokia 2016
5G RAN interfaces

11 © Nokia 2016 Confidential

N2 (RAN-Core control plane)

Control Plane interface between EnodeB to

5GC(AMF)

For N2 a scalable transport architecture is

targeted. This should be enabled by allowing
each end, RAN and Core, to have multiple
SCTP endpoints per each NF instance.
However, 3GPP agreed only the core side to
multiple endpoints. The number of these
endpoints can scale elastically.

N2 is Open Interface, same as S1-AP in LTE.

12 © Nokia 2016
N1 & N3 Interfaces

N1 - Control Plane interface between 5GUE to 5GC(AMF)

N1 is similar to current LTE NAS. It is carried over N2-AP similarly as LTE NAS is carried over S1-AP. N1 terminates in AMF inside
the core control plane. Key differences to LTE NAS are:

• More strictly enforced modularity: MM and SM functions more clearly separated with the possibility to carry SM related content in
a container that is independent of the MM content (and thus transparent to AMF)
• Unified NAS for 3GPP and non-3GPP access cases
• SMSF will exchange SMS with UE via NAS
• Extensibility of the NAS delivery services to new use cases

N3 - User Plane interface between EnodeB to 5GC(UPF)

N3 is similar to S1-U in LTE. User data packets are tunnelled across the N3. GTP protocol is used for connection oriented
communication (as in LTE). For connectionless communication GTP is also used but extensions are needed. Key differences to S1-U
are:
• N3 terminates to UPF which is a generic user plane function, unlike the S-GW and P-GW which had predefined roles
• Ability to carry L2 payload in addition to IP (e.g. for industrial Ethernet use cases)
• Flow Id carried in GTP-U header (or appended to the payload) for QoS flow identification
• GTP-U extensions needed, e.g. for connectionless communication (which is a post-Rel15 item)

13 © Nokia 2016
5GC-EPC Interworking

Nx interface enables to transfer session contexts

from LTE to 5G and vice versa within a single
registration while combined SMF/PGW-C and
UPF/PGW-U entities enable a single IP anchor
point.

Handover is triggered by the RAN, after which

MME or AMF, whichever is on the source RAN
side, obtains the session context and requests via
Nx interface the target side to prepare the
relocation (i.e. handover). Once done, the UE is
handed over to the target RAN. When UE
appears in the target, the PDU/PDN connection
in IP anchor point is modified to include the new
RAN node.

14 © Nokia 2016
Network Slicing
• A network slice, namely “5G slice”
is composed of a collection of 5G
network functions and specific
RAT settings that are combined
together for the specific use case or
business model
• New use cases like:
• -Cellular Internet of Things
(CIoT)
• -Public safety
• -Autonomous driving and Vehicle
to Vehicle communications
• -Wireless local loop (using wireless
connectivity instead of
15 © Nokia 2016
copper/fiber for last hop)
Network slicing architecture

16 © Nokia 2016
4G vs. 5G Core

17 © Nokia 2016
5G NR technology components
#1 New spectrum #2 Massive MIMO #4 Multi-connectivity

90 GHz 5G
3 mm
LTE
30 GHz Wi-Fi
1 cm
10 GHz
#3 Flexible design #5 Distributed architecture
3 GHz time
Dt

10 cm User #3
Df
• Lean carrier
• Flexible frame
frequency

User #4 User #5

User #2
300 MHz User #2
• Flexible
User #1
User #1

1m
User #3 User #5

One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation

protocols Gateway
18 © Nokia 2016
5G NB Logical Architecture
UE1
NAS*
5G-NB
5G S1-C
RAC
(S1AP)
Other
5G
Fs-HL-C RRC
Core

5G-Uu 5G-
5G-RU
CPRI RAU
Fs-HL-U S1-U
U-
Plane

Legend:
C-Plane:
U-Plane:
19 © Nokia 2016
Introduction to 5G NB

5GNB logical architecture:

5G Radio Unit (5GRU) – RF functions
5G Radio Access Unit (5GRAU) – baseband processing (L1, L2-RT functions)
5G Radio Access Controller (5GRAC) – baseband processing (L2-nRT functions) OAM, C-Plane
5GRU and 5GRAU are also commonly referred as RAP (Radio Access Point)
In 5G17 there is 1:1 relation with regard to 5GRAU and 5GRAC

RAP 5GNB

5GRU 5GRAU 5GRAC

CPRI IP/ETH
Fronthaul
IP/ETH
Backhaul
Core

20 © Nokia 2016 Nokia Internal Use

5G NB Overall architecture

5GRAU Compute
Node
5GRAC L2-RT
UECP VM CNCP VM
5G-L1-UL
DlCnfg
UlCnfg FS-HL-C
UEUP VM S1AP
5G-L1-DL DlCell 5G-CP-RT 5G-CP-UE 5G-CP-CEN
UlCell
PsSgnl
DlData LoUser PsUser
UlData
MME
LoCell PsCell HiUser
LoCnfg PsCnfg HiSgnl HiCnfg

5G-L2-PS
5GRU Fs-U-H NG1-1U same as S1-U
5G-L2-LO S-GW
5G-L2-HI
CPRI
L1 Ctrl SW

RF SW
CPRI Service
5G-CP-CEN IF OAM VM
SIC
REST
Site OAM Web UI

RACOAM

REST REST REST REST REST

OAM Agent
NodeOAM & OAM Agent OAM Agent OAM Agent OAM Agent OAM Agent

RCP
SIC RCP bare metal RCP RCP RCP (TRSW, xxx)
RP (LFS, CC&S, HWAPI)
(TRSW, xxx) (TRSW, xxx) (TRSW, xxx) (TRSW, xxx)

Control Plane User Plane Management Plane Platform Radio

21 © Nokia 2016
5G NB SW deployment
AirFrame

5G VNF (RAC, BB3) NCIR

VIM
CNCP VM OAM VM (Openstack)

OAM Agent 5G-CP-CEN

OAM Agent RAC OAM
Host OS

RCP RCP
Site OAM
TRSW TRSW
Hypervisor

UECP VM UEUP VM

OAM Agent 5G-CP-UE 5G-L2-HI

RCP
OAM Agent RCP
TRSW TRSW

RAP (Radio Access Point)

Airscale (BB1) 2nd Gen 5G RF Module (RU)

ASIA (Controller Board) RFSW

OAM Agent Node OAM

RP AirFrame Compute Node

TRSW (Real-Time Module, BB2)

OAM Agent 5G-CP-RT

ABIK (L1 board)

5G L1 5G-L2-LO 5G-L2-PS

RP RCPbm
TRSW

22 © Nokia 2016
RP = PSSW RCPbm = RCP bare metal , i.e. version running on top of Linux without NCIR
5G NB UP protocol stack

PDCP PDCP

RLC’’
GTP-U’’ GTP-U’’
RLC
RLC’ LoData LoData

MAC MAC SW Event SW Event TPUP TPUP GTP-U GTP-U’

DlData DlData Event Event GTP-F GTP-F Event Event Event Event
UlData UlData
UDP UDP
PHY PHY SW Event SW Event DPDK DPDK DPDK DPDK DPDK DPDK
UDP UDP
Ring in Ring in Ring in Ring in Ring in Ring in
BIP BIP shared shared shared shared shared shared
memory memory IP IP memory memory memory memory IP IP
Ethernet Ethernet
RF RF CPRI CPRI
(Jumbo) (Jumbo) Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet

UE RF 5G-L1-DL / UL 5G-L2-LO TRSW (ICOM GW) TRSW (ICOM GW) 5G-L2-Hi TRSW S-GW

5GRU 5GRAU 5GRAC

23 © Nokia 2016
 5G NB Control Plane protocol stack

4G NAS 4G NAS
5G RRC 5G RRC NG1-AP NG1-AP
Uu Interface PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP
RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC Layer 2 Layer 2
PHY PHY Layer 1 Layer 1

UE Uu* RAC NG1-C MSM

24 © Nokia 2016
 5G NB Deployment Scenario
Central Office Metro Site ~Edge Cloud Radio Site
Airframe Airframe
Airscale RF Unit
(Virtualized EPC) (L3, L2, O&M)

4 x fiber with QSFP

Up to 15Gbps peak 10GE
4x (4 x 10.1 Gbps) CPRI

5Km fiber for 50us RTT latency 28GHz/39GHz

antenna

Central office Metro Site Radio site

~ edge cloud
Airframe Airframe Airscale RF Cell

 Virtualized EPC
 Industry leading 20Gbps
 3GPP U-Plane / VM
25 © Nokia 2016
 L3, L2, O&M  L1, O&M  28GHz antenna (39GHz TBD)  30° per sector and 2 sectors
 One Airscale serves one  2nd Generation RF interface per antenna
antenna / 2 sectors  sectors / 2 beams  Max sector 60° with 1
  antenna
 2x2 MIMO@800MHz
 Beam steering
 Trial configuration based on 2 RF
units
Hierarchy of 5G-NB solution

26 © Nokia 2016
 5G BTS

27 © Nokia 2016 Confidential

Airscale HW View - AMIA

.
• AirScale SM Indoor consist of
• AirScale Subrack AMIA (the same AMIA as
in LTE)
• AirScale Capacity ABIK (1…6) (NEW! 5G
only)
• AirScale Common ASIA (1…2) (the same as
in LTE)
• Multiple installation options:
• 19 inch rack, pole and wall, inside Outdoor
Enclosure
• Dimensions:
• H 128 x W 447 x D 400 [mm]
• Weight:
• 10.1 kg minimum 23.5 kg maximum
• Ingress protection
• IP20
• Operational temperature range
28 © Nokia 2016
• -5 °C to 45 °C
AMOB

• The AMOB is a sub-rack high capacity outdoor

cabinet for 5G Airscale system solution. This
cabinet could host 2 common units + 6 capacity
plug-in units (ASIK & ABIL).
• AMOB is equipped with the same AMIA
backplane.
• There are two versions of AMOB sub-racks (HEX
or FAC). Currently only AMOB with HEX (Heat
EXchanger) is available, AMOB FAC (Fresh Air
Cooling) version replacing AMOB HEX should be
available in 2018. This version will support up to
55°C operating temperature when equipped with
ASIK and ABIL full sub-rack.

29 © Nokia 2016
AMOC

AMOC is equipped with the same AMIA backplane,

membrane filter (GORE) direct air cooling, fans,
control board, PDU, heater and optional GPS module.

30 © Nokia 2016
ASIK

DC-IN EAC SIN SOUT LMP SEI1 EIF1 EIF2

Power HDMI x3 RJ45 QSFP+ SFP28 x2

Interface Connector Description

DC in DC terminal 48V DC input
EAC HDMI External alarm & control, 6 alarms, 6 alarms/ctrls
SIN HDMI Synchronization input, GPS interface
SOUT HDMI Synchronization output
LMP RJ45 Local management port, 1G Ethernet.
EIF SFP28 New back-/midhaul interface. Up to 25GE per port. Support for
SyncE and ToP/IEE1588.
NOTE: ASIK is non-standard with IEEE802.3 25GE standard.
Support 25GE SFP28 connections only with verified counterparts,
such as Nokia equipment, e.g. AirFrame switch/ToR etc
 

SEI QSFP+ New system interconnect interface, 4 x 10GE

31 © Nokia 2016
ABIL

LMP
Interface Connector Description

2 RF-n QSFP+/QSFP28 4 CPRI/ETH links per QSFP

CPRI :24.33Gbps ETH: 25GE

2 RF-n SFP+SFP28 10/25GE

LMP RJ45 Local Management Port (1GE)

32 © Nokia 2016
References
AirScale SM Indoor Backplane AMIA Implementation Specification
https://sharenet-ims.int.net.nokia.com/livelink/livelink/overview/D527094474

CloudBTS Architecture Specification

https://sharenet-ims.int.net.nokia.com/Overview/D530782303

5G RF Beamforming Control interface specification

https://sharenet-ims.int.net.nokia.com/Overview/D542601498

5G-NB SW Architecture Specification (5G19)

https://sharenet-ims.int.net.nokia.com/Overview/559536375

5G User Plan Roadmap and Architecture

https://sharenet-ims.int.net.nokia.com/Overview/D542070451

3GPP – specifications
http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/38-series.htm

33 © Nokia 2016 Confidential

Q&A

34 © Nokia 2016 Confidential

<Change information