Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Many patients requiring major in-patient elective surgery now arrive in hospital on the day
of surgery.
• Preoperative assessment and optimisation important part of modern surgical practice.
• The modern preparation of a patient for operation characterizes the convergence of the
2. PLAN
3. BE PREPARED
4. COMMUNICATE
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
• Aim : not to screen broadly for undiagnosed disease but rather to identify and quantify
comorbidity that may impact operative outcome.
• The goal is to uncover problems areas that may require further investigation or be amenable
to preoperative optimization.
• If you take the wrong diagnostic path all the rest of your activities
misdirected.
PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY-TAKING
questions)
present
■ Onset
■ Relieving factors
■ Exacerbating factors
etc.
■ Other therapies
■ Planned surgery
PAST Hx
DRUGS Hx
INVESTIGATIONS
1) FULL BLOOD COUNT (WHEN TO PERFORM ?)
> All emergency Pre-operative cases
> All elective Pre-operative cases over 60 years
> All elective Pre-operative cases in adult females
> If surgery likely to result in significant blood loss
> Suspicion of blood loss, anemia,sepsis,CRD,coagulation problems
6) CHEST X-RAY
All elective pre-operative cases over 60 yrs
All cases of cervical,thoracic or abdominal trauma.
Acute respiratory symptoms or signs
Previous CRD and no recent CXR
Thoracic surgery
Malignant dis.
Viscus perforation Recent H/O TB Thyroid
enlargement
7) GROUP AND SAVE /CROSSMATCH
> Emergency pre-operative case
> Suspicion of blood loss,anemia,coagulatin defect
> Procedure on pregnant ladies
8) BLOOD SUGAR
- All diabetic pts
- All above 40 yrs of age
- Family hist
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
I) CARDIOVASCULAR
4. High-risk surgery 1
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- Systolic pressures > 160 mmHg & diastolic pressures >95 mmHg -—
postpone
surgery
Electrocardiogram (ECG),
-Serum Chemistry Panel (Na,k,cl,urea,creatinine,ca,p Etc.)
- Complete Blood Count (CBC).
- Urinalysis And Urinary Electrolyte Studies
- Blood Gas Determination
- Prothrombin Time (PT) And Partial Thromboplastin Time
- Bleeding Time
-Pharmacologic manipulation of
* hyperkalemia,
Replacement of calcium for symptomatic hypocalcemia, and
*the use of phosphate-binding antacids for
hyperphosphatemia
-Sodium bicarbonate is used in the setting of metabolic acidosis
when serum bicarbonate levels are below 15 mEq/L. This can
be administered in intravenous (IV) fluid as 1 to 2 ampules in
5% dextrose solution.
-Hyponatremia is treated with volume restriction, although
dialysis is often required within the perioperative period for
control of volume and electrolyte abnormalities.
-Patients with chronic end-stage renal disease should undergo dialysis prior to
surgery, to optimize their volume status and control the potassium level.
- In the acute setting, patients who have a stable volume status can undergo
surgery without preoperative dialysis, provided that no other indication exists for
emergent dialysis.
Indications for Hemodialysis
*Notably, narcotics used for postoperative pain control may have prolonged
effects, despite hepatic clearance.
The preoperative evaluation should identify the type and degree of endocrine
dysfunction to allow for preoperative optimization.
II rights reserved.
Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. a (Except in patients with a history of external radiation exposure or a family history of thyroid
cancer). FNAB = fine-needle aspiration biopsy; RAI = radioactive iodine.
The patient with known or suspected thyroid disease should be evaluated with -
Thyroid function panel
-ECG
-CXR
-TG
-USG NECK
- Thyroid scan
-FNAC
-I/L
- Soft tissue neck x-ray
Operation deferred until a euthyroid state is achieved
* Patients who have taken more than 5 mg of prednisone (or equivalent) per day
for more than 2 weeks within the past year should be considered at risk when
undergoing major surgery.
* Lower doses of steroid use or minor procedures are generally not associated
with adrenal suppression.
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-R Blockade is initiated several days after the a agent is begun and serves
to inhibit the tachycardia that accompanies nonselective a blockade, as well as to
control arrhythmia.
Guidelines for Red Blood Cell Transfusion for Acute Blood Loss
i Estimate/anticipate degree of blood loss. Less than 30% rapid volume loss
probably does not require transfusion in a previously healthy individual.
j Measure hemoglobin concentration: < 6 g/dL, transfusion usually required; 6-10
g/dL, transfusion dictated by clinical circumstance; >10 g/dL, transfusion rarely
required.
Assessment includes :
-personal or family history of abnormal bleeding.
- history of easy bruising or abnormal bleeding associated with
minor procedures or injury.
-nutritional status.
-Review of medications and the
-Use of anticoagulants, salicylates,NSAIDs, and antiplatelet drugs
should be noted -coagulation studies
Physical examination may reveal bruising, petechiae, or signs of liver
dysfunction.
*When possible, surgery should be postponed in the first month after an episode
of venous or arterial thromboembolism.
source
-The appropriate antibiotic should be chosen prior to surgery and administered before
the skin incision is made.
-Repeat dosing should occur at an appropriate interval,generally 3 hours for abdominal
cases or twice the half-life of the antibiotic.
-Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should generally not be continued beyond the day
of operation.
- With the advent of minimal access surgery, the use of antibiotics seems less justified
because the risk of wound infection is extremely low.
ADULT
DOSAGE
NATURE OF COMMON RECOMMENDED BEFORE
OPERATION PATHOGENS ANTIMICROBIALS SURGERY
Gastrointestinal
Esophageal, gastro duo Enteric gram-negative bacilli, gram- High risk only: cefazolin 1-2 g IV
denal positive cocci
Biliary tract Enteric gram-negative bacilli, High risk only: cefazolin 1-2 g IV
enterococci, clostridia
OR ampicillin/sulbactam 3 g IV
Appendectomy, Enteric gram-negative bacilli, Cefoxitin 1-2 g IV
non-perforated anaerobes, enterococci
OR cefazolin 1-2 g IV
+ metronidazole 0.5 g IV
OR ampicillin/sulbactam 3 g IV
Genitourinary Enteric gram-negative bacilli, * 500 mg PO or 400 mg IV
enterococci High risk: only: ciprofloxacin
-For a ruptured viscus, therapy is often continued for about 5 days. Ruptured
viscus in postoperative setting (dehiscence) requires antibacterials to include
coverage of nosocomial pathogens.
A careful review of the patient's home medications should be a part of the preoperative
evaluation prior to any operation.
- In general, patients taking
*cardiac drugs, including R blockers and antiarrhythmics;
*pulmonary drugs such as inhaled or nebulized medications;
or *anticonvulsants,
*antihypertensives, or
*psychiatric drugs, should be advised to take their medications
with a sip of water on the morning of surgery.
- Medications such as lipid lowering agents or vitamins can be omitted on
the
day of surgery.
- Drugs that affect platelet function should be held for
variable periods:
* aspirin and clopidogrel should be held for 7 to 10 days,
*NSAIDs should be held between 1 day (ibuprofen and
indomethacin) and 3 days (naproxen and sulindac), depending on the
drug’s half-life.
• Informed consent should be documented in the chart, which represents the result of
discussion(s) with the patient and family members regarding the indication for the
anticipated surgical procedure, as well as its risks and proposed benefits.
• Preoperative orders should be written and reviewed as well. The patient should receive
written instructions regarding time of surgery and management of special perioperative
issues such as bowel preparation or medication usage.
I ) COLORECTAL CARCINOMA A)
BOWEL PREPARATION
It is important to obtain physical clearance of the bowel. Many
surgeons have changed from traditional methods of bowel preparation to using
purgative (sodium citric acid 12g, magnesium oxide 3.5 g).
A suitable regime is :
Preoperative days 4 and 3: low residue diet Preoperative days 2 and 1:
liquid only diet
Day of admission: 1 sachet Picolax in morning, repeated in afternoon
-After removal of the operative specimen, the divided colon is then intubated
by wide bore corrugated anaesthetic tubing which is draped over the patient's side into
a bucket.
It is helpful to describe the stoma appearance, the usual consistency and quantity of
drainage, gas and odor control, diet, fluid and electrolytes, clothing, sexuality, recreation,
and return to
work.
The site should be marked preoperatively with waterproof ink and later
"scratched" with a sterile needle.
If a midline incision is used, it is best if the stoma
can be located at least two to three
fingerbreadths (about 2.5 in.) away from the
incision, as this will allow for an adequate barrier
to be placed around the stoma postoperatively.
It is best to stay at least two to three
fingerbreadths away from the iliac crest to avoid
interference with appliance adherence.
MAYO
OXOJ
II) OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
C) Antibiotics