KARL FLOYD REBOLLIDO BOGNADON, LPT, RCrim

INVESTIGATIVE
PROCESSES
 Objectives:
 To learn essential elements of crime scene investigation.

 To learn the processes in Firearms Identification.

 To learn the processes in Fingerprint Identification.

 To learn the types of physical evidence that can be encountered by the crime scene investigator
at the crime scene.

 To determine the Biological Evidence Amenable for DNA Analysis.

 To identify the key concepts in Questioned Documents and Digital Evidence.

 To learn the protocols in Crime Scene Investigation.

 INTRODUCTION
 The investigative process is more than a rigid set of procedures. Intuition and creativity play as great a

role for the forensic examiner as do sound methodologies. Fact-finding in a wildly diverse

technological realm requires a great degree of technical prowess as well as a flexible mind; forensic
examiners often must be artisans of technology creation and deconstruction. Raw technology skill does
not empower an investigator to understand the interaction of man and machine: Intuitive awareness of
how the tools of technology and human nature, human thought processes, and human frailties interact
allows for much of the artistry and creativity of forensic investigation to be revealed.
- Rohd Gehl, 2017
INVESTIGATIVE PROCESSES
 Definition:

The investigative process is a progression of activities or steps moving from evidence

gathering tasks, to information analysis, to theory development and validation, to forming
reasonable ground to believe, and finally to the arrest and charge of a suspect.
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

- Is a comprehensive inquiry of a crime by conducting systematic procedure of

various investigative methodologies which involves recovery of physical and
testimonial evidence for the purpose of identifying the witnesses, and arrest
of perpetrator(s) for prosecution. CSI shall technically commence upon the arrival
of the FRs and conclude with the lifting of the security cordon and release of the
crime scene by the IOC.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
 Ballistics - It is the science dealing with the motion of projectiles in flight and the conditions

governing that motion or the study of natural laws relating to the performance of

gunpowder and projectiles in firearms.

 Forensic Ballistics - is one branch of ballistics which refers to the investigation and

identification of firearms by means of ammunition fired through them.

 DIVISION OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS

Field Investigation – It concerns mostly with the collection, marking,

preservation, packing and transmission of firearms evidences including the study of the
class characteristics of firearms and bullets.

Technical Examination – Examination of bullets and/or shells whether they

were fired from also whether or not cartridges were loaded and ejected by the
suspected firearm submitted.
● Firearms - is any instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of expansive
force of gasses coming from burning gunpowder.

- Section 877 of the Revised Administrative Code

- Section 290 of the National Internal Revenue Code
- (Art. I, Sec. 3 of RA 10591)

 Firearms Identification - is a discipline of forensic science which has its primary concern to

determine if a bullet, cartridge case or other ammunition

component was fired by a particular firearm.

 Firearms as evidence - “every firearm tells a story”

 CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARM

- Firearms are classified on the following basis:

1. Bore Characteristics
2. Mechanical Construction
3. Use Characteristics
4. Power Characteristics Pursuant to 8294
5. Use Characteristics
 AMMUNITION/ CARTRIDGE
- It is a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet, cartridge case, gunpowder and the
primer.

TYPES OF CARTRIDGE
 Pin-fire
 Rim-fire
 Center-fire
 Rimmed Type
 Semi-rimmed Type

 Rimmed Less Type

 TWO PRINCIPLES OF FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

1. BULLET IDENTIFICATION

- No two barrels are microscopically identical as the surfaces of their bores all
possess individual and characteristic markings of their own.

2. CARTRIDGE CASE/ SHELLS IDENTIFICATION

- The breech face and the striker (firing pin) of every single firearm have
microscopic individualities of their own.
 TWO GOVERNING CHARACTERISTICS IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

1. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS
Those characteristics that are determinable prior to the manufacture of the firearms.

2. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
Markings peculiar or distinct in a particular firearm are markings which are determinable
after the manufacture of the firearm and whose existence is brought about by the tools
used in their manufacture and machine operation resulting through wear, tear, abuse,
mutilation, corrosion, erosion and other fortuitous causes.
 PROBLEMS IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

- Evidence bullet - Identification of the caliber, type and possible make of firearm.

- Fixed cartridge (empty shell) - Identification of the caliber, type and possible make of firearm.

- Two or more bullets - Determination whether the said bullets were fired from one and the same firearm.

- Evidence bullet and suspected firearm - Identification whether the bullet was fired from the
firearm.

- Cartridge case (shell) and suspected firearm - Determination whether the spent shell was fired from the
same firearm.

- Firearms - Serviceability tests, determination of its authenticity, classification pursuant to RA 8294.

- Ammunition - Serviceability tests

INTEGRATED BALLISTICS IDENTIFICATION
SYSTEM (IBIS)

Scan test/standard bullets and cartridge cases

of firearms. Store in database Scan evidence

bullet/cartridge cases recovered from crime
scene. Stored in the database.
 GUNSHOT RESIDUE

 How do we determine the presence of gunshot residue in

an individual?
PARAFFIN WAX

 Paraffin wax is a white or colorless

soft, solid wax. It's made from

saturated hydrocarbons. It's often

used in skin-softening salon and

spa treatments on the hands,

cuticles, and feet because it’s

colorless, tasteless, and odorless.

It can also be used to provide pain

relief to sore joints and muscles.

PATTERN EVIDENCE
DACTYLOSCOPY
• It is the procedure of personal identification based on the
study and examination of the patterns that from arches,
loops and whorls on the fingertips, the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet, as the method.
PATTERN EVIDENCE
 FINGERPRINT
- The most positive means of personal identification.

PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS:

1. Individuality - the complex of the ridge details in a single fingerprints or even part
one is not duplicated in any other finger.

2. Permanency - fingerprints do not change throughout the life time of an individual until
the skin was decomposed.

2. Infallibility - fingerprint is “Incapable of Error,”

 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN
TAKING LEGIBLE FINGERPRINTS

 Cleanliness of equipment;

 The right kind and correct amount of ink;

 Proper distribution of ink on the glass

slab or inking plate;

 EQUIPMENT NEEDED IN TAKING FINGERPRINTS
IMPRESSION

 Finger print roller

 Fingerprint ink

 Card Holder

 Glass slab or inking plate

 Table size
AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AFIS)
Function of AFIS
 Tenprint Inquiry (TI)

 Latent Inquiry (LI)

 Offense Inquiry (TLI)

 Serial Crimes (LLI)

AFIS DATABASE
 Ten Print Data Base – contains the entire ten print specimens from arrested suspects

and from all individuals seeking for police clearance for the
travel abroad purposes.

 Latent Print Data Base – contains the chance prints taken at the crime scene.
PROCEDURES IN TAKING
STANDARD FINGERPRINT SPECIMEN

 Police Station

 District Crime Laboratory

 Fingerprint Identification Division

 Automated Fingerprint Identification System

METHODS OF PRESERVATION OF FINGERPRINTS
AND LIFTING/DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS

PRESERVATION BY PHOTOGRAPHY

Fingerprints found at the crime scene should be preserved

by photography before any attempt to collect.

PRESERVATION OF PLASTIC OR MOLD FINGERPRINTS

If removing the plastic print poses a special problem, it

should be photographed using oblique light to bring out as
much detail as possible, and then process by an appropriate
casting material.
PRESERVATION OF FINGERPRINTS BY LIFTING TAPE

Using a special transparent cellophane tape is the most common

method of collecting latent fingerprint evidence.

MARKING AND IDENTIFYING FINGERPRINT LIFT

 
The card should be marked with the date, case number, address of
the crime scene, name of collector who lifted the print, exact place
of the lift, and the type of the object that it was lifted from.
FOOT WEAR PRINTS AND TIRE
PRINTS
TRACE EVIDENCE
 Trace Evidence are pieces of physical evidence in minute quantities transferred unknowingly

through physical contact.

LOCARD’S PRINCIPLE
 HAIR EVIDENCE
 Hair is dened as slender outgrowth of the skin of mammals. It is an appendage of the skin that

grows out of an organ known as hair follicle.

 FIBER EVIDENCE

 Fiber is the smallest unit of a textile that has a length many times greater than its diameter. Fibers
average less than 0.05 cm (0.02 inch) in diameter.
GLASS AND GLASS
FRACTURES
FIBER HAIR
PAINT EVIDENCE
 Paint primarily consists of a pigment and an organic vehicle or solvent.
ULTRAVIOLET EXAMINATION

 Ultraviolet examination makes use of ultraviolet radiation with wavelength ranging from 200-
400 nanometers. It is a valuable tool in the conduct of entrapment cases.
SOIL EVIDENCE
 Soil is a heterogeneous mixture made up of dead organic matter, rock fragments or mineral
particles of various sizes, clay and living organisms which can be viewed under the
microscope.

 FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF SOIL

 Physical Examination

a) Microscopic test will determine the presence of foreign particles like glass fragments, paint chips and
others in the questioned sample.

b) Texture determination will determine the classication of soil.

c) Color comparison of soil is performed to differentiate the color of the standard and
questioned soil samples

d) Density determination is obtained using the Density Gradient Column technique.

 Soil is frequently found clothing, shoes, or tools and in the wheel wells of vehicles.
TOOLMARK EVIDENCE
 Toolmarks are scratches and/or impressions that

are left on an object that is softer than the object

or tool that caused the marks. Tools are any object
capable of making an impression on another solid
object. Examples include axes, knives, hammer,
screwdrivers, chisels, crowbars, pliers, cutters,
etc.
MACRO-ETCHING
Macro-etching is an application of
chemical solution on the metal
surface where the serial number is
normally located and observing any
reaction that may take place.
BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID
DNA is our genetic blueprint
PHYSICAL VS BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
 Physical evidence is any
tangible object that can
connect an offender to a
crime scene. Biological
evidence, which contains
DNA, is a type of physical
evidence. However,
biological evidence is not
always visible to the naked
eye.
 Applications of DNA Analysis

 Criminal Investigations – matching suspect with evidence

 Parentage Testing -- identifying parent(s)
 Historical investigations
 Missing persons investigations
 Mass disasters – positive identification of the deceased
 Military DNA “dog tag”
 Convicted felon DNA databases
 SOURCES of BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES:

Muscle tissues Hair

Teeth
Body fluids
- blood
- semen
- saliva Bones
- sweat
- urine
Why is DNA evidence useful in
criminal investigation?
DNA testing has become an established part of criminal
justice procedures, and the admissibility of DNA in court
is routine.
Where can DNA evidence be
found at a crime scene?

ANYWHERE
DNA EVIDENCE IS TRANSFER EVIDENCE
Evidence Possible Location of Sources of DNA
DNA evidence
Baseball bat or Handle, end Sweat, skin, blood
similar weapon
Hat, bandanna, Inside Sweat, hair, dandruff
mask
Facial tissue, Surface area Mucus, blood, sweat,
cotton swab semen, ear wax
Dirty laundry Surface area Blood, sweat, semen
toothpick Surface area Saliva, blood
Fingernail, partial scrapings Blood, sweat, tissue
fingernail
Through and Outside surface Blood, tissue
through bullet
eyeglasses Nose or ear pieces, lens Sweat, skin
DNA EVIDENCE IS TRANSFER EVIDENCE
Evidence Possible Location of Sources of DNA
DNA evidence
Used cigarette Cigarette butt Saliva

Stamp or envelop Licked area Saliva

Tape or ligature Inside /outside surface Skin, sweat

Bottle, can, or Side, mouthpiece Saliva, sweat,
glasses
Bite mark Person’s skin or clothing saliva
Used condom Inside/outside surface Semen, vaginal or rectal
cells
Blanket, pillow, Surface area Sweat, hair, semen, urine,
sheet saliva
 tissue fingernails

cigarette butt
Broken window
STEPS IN DNA ANALYSIS

1. Collection of Sample

2. Documentation& Screening

3. Extraction of DNA

4. DNA Amplification

5. Running of samples for Visualization

6. Data Interpretation and Report Making

7. Releasing of Report

USE OF DNA IN FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY

 Forensic entomology is a very important aspect for law

enforcement. With the magnitude of information that

can be gathered, investigators can more accurately
determine time of death, location, how long a body has
been in a specific area, if it has been moved, and other
important factors. As a result, forensic entomology can
be used by law enforcement officials as a tool in
numerous cases.
DIGITAL/ELECTRONIC
EVIDENCE
RA 10175 “Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”

RA 8484 “Access Devices Regulation Act”

RA 8792 “E-Commerce Act of 2000”

RA 9995 “Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism”

RA 9775 “Anti-Child Porn of 2009”

First Filipino Convicted in
Hacking

The conviction of JJ Maria G.

Giner was considered a landmark
case, as he is the first local
hacker to be convicted under
Section 33(a) of R.A. No. 8792
(E-Commerce Act ) which was
investigated by ATCD-CCU.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
 Any document about which some issue have been
raised or under scrutiny with respect to its
genuineness and its origin.

 DOCUMENT

 Any material which contains mark, symbols or signs, either

visible or invisible, that may presently or ultimately convey
meaning or message to someone.
 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

Stereoscopic examination with low and high power

objectives is used to detect retouching, patching
and unnatural pen lift in signature analysis.
STEREOSCOPIC
EXAMINATION
 OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION

DECIPHERMENT OF FADED HANDWRITING, DETERMINATION

OF OUTLINES IN TRACED FORGERY, EMBOSSED IMPRESSION.
TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION

– DOCUMENTS ARE SUBJECTED TO THIS TYPE OF EXAMINATION TO

DETERMINE THE PRESENCE OF ERASURES.
 PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

– This type of examination is very essential

in every document examination
ULTRA-VIOLET EXAMINATION
 ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION
APPARATUS

DETECTS INDENTION/ INDENTED WRITINGS.

G.R. No. 139857 September 15, 2006

LEONILA BATULANON, petitioner,

vs.
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, respondent.

G.R. No. L-7236             April 30, 1955

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellant,

vs.
PO GIOK TO, defendant-appellee.
DRUGS
 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

- A test that can estimate the

amount of drug in a specimen.

 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

 - A qualitative test indicates the

presence or absence of a substance.

ALCOHOL
 FIELD SOBRIETY TEST

 There are three Field Sobriety Tests, which

are standardized tests to initially assess and
determine intoxication, namely: the eye test
(horizontal gaze nystagmus), the walk-
and-turn and the one-leg stand.

 BREATH ANALYZER

- A device used by police for measuring the

amount of alcohol in a driver’s breath.
SEXUAL ASSUALT