Ballistics - Dr. Miller F. Peckley

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS ON FORENSIC BALLISTICS
LETTER FROM SCOTT DOYLE
FORENSIC BALLISTICS SUMMARY DR. MILLER F. PECKLEY

FORENSIC BALLISTICS MOVIE
VICE PRESIDENT FOR ADMINISTRATION
Forensic Specialist – Forensic Ballistics
CATAPULT MOVIE
BALLISTA PRESENTATION
FORENSIC BALLISTICS Personalities…
PRE-TEST EXAMINATION
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS 1996 1998 2000 2003
INTELLIGENCE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
HURDLING THE CRIMINOLOGY…
“WHAT TO AVOID”
LAUGHTERS AND PUZZLES

FORENSIC BALLISTICS
TOPIC COVERAGE FOR REVIEW
 BALLISTIC  AMMUNITION
• INTERNAL BALLISTICS • BULLET
• EXTERNAL BALLISTICS • SHELL
• TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS • GUNPOWDER
• TERMINAL BALLISTICS
• PRIMER
• WOUND BALLISTICS
• MEDICAL BALLISTICS
• SHOT BALLISTICS
 THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES IN

 FIREARMS FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
• PISTOL • BULLET IDENTIFICATION
• REVOLVER • CARTRIDGE IDENTIFICATION
• RIFLE • GUNSHOT RESIDUE ANALYSIS
• SHOTGUN
FORENSIC
FORENSIC BALLISTICS SUMMARY

BALLISTICS
CATAPULT MOVIE
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

DIFFERENT METHODS ON CRIME
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION
EMPLOYING SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION OR FORENSIC
BALLISTICS
This determines whether the bullet extracted
from a victim or recovered from the crime
scene came from a suspected firearm. It
also determines the caliber, type and make
of firearm from which a bullet or shell was
fired if no firearm was recovered. It also
determines if a firearm is serviceable or not
and if bullets and shell came from one and
the same firearm.
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
Which is generally used to determine

whether a person has fired a gun or
not. Test the presence of drugs,toxic
chemical and explosives and
determine the quality and quantity of
chemical substance in a product in
cases of fake consumers goods, or
other allied examinations.
MEDICO-LEGAL OR FORENSIC MEDICINE
A laboratory service performed to determine the
cause of death, approximate time of death and
whether or not the case is a suicide, homicide or
murder. It is also used to determine the identity of
skeletal remains through dental charts, body
deformities and other marks in case of cadaver. For
rape cases, forensic medicine can determine the
extent of injuries sustained if any, the virginity of the
victim and owner of the semen found inside the
victim’s sex organ. It also determines if a stain is a
semen, blood or other body fluids. For physical
injuries, the extent of the injuries sustained and
compatibility of wounds with the alleged weapons
used.
PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION
From a tiny evidence like a strand of hair,

fibers, cordages, pant chips, metal and
glasses fragments and soil, the chemist could
establish the probable source and detect its
connection with a crime. This laboratory
technique is also used to detect tampered
serial numbers of motor vehicles and other
appliances. It also identifies shoeprints, the
impressions and toolmarks and compare
them with that found in the possession of the
suspect.
FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
Fingerprint identification or dactyloscopy is the oldest

and highly reliable means of identifying a person
whether dead or alive. A person who touched fixed or
movable object leaves an impression or fingerprints
on the surface called latent prints. Through the use of
various techniques and methods this latent prints can
be lifted, developed and preserved for comparison
with prints taken from criminals, suspects and other
persons who were at the crime scene. This method is
also used to establish the identity of known or
unknown deceased persons whose identification is
subject to question by comparing his fingerprints with
those on records.
•
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
This method of examination is used to

determine the presence of alterations,
erasures, superimposition, insertions and
defalcations in a questioned document. It also
determines whether the handwriting is genuine
or not and identify the writer especially if the
letter is poison letter or threats. It is also an
effective tool in determining counterfeit bills,
stamps, labels, etc. and to determine the make
and model of the typewriter used in making
spurious letters.
LIE DETECTION OR POLYGRAPHY
This method of laboratory examination, although

inadmissible in court by itself is a over reliable means
of extracting and verifying information from suspects,
victims, witnesses or informer. It helps a lot in
providing leads to the investigator and in establishing
the facts of an offense, location of stolen goods or
whereabouts of wanted persons. Generally, a person
who is lying reacts differently to a set of prepared
questions compared to a person who is telling the
truth. This marked difference in physiological
responses or body reaction which is recorded in a
polygraph machine would lead an expert polygraph
examiner to determine whteher a person is lying or
not.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
A picture speaks a thousand words. Man’s

memory and interpretation of certain events
varies depending on his perception, bias,
prejudice and state of body and mind at the
time he witnessed an event. But a clear
picture of the event properly taken would
speak for itself. Although a photograph
could be tampered with, forensic
photography has a way of determining the
genuineness of a photograph.
BALLISTICS
The science of projectiles in motion is called
“ballistics,” and the science of ballistics as
related firearms is really divided into three
separate but inter related fields:
A. INTERNAL BALLISTICS
• The study of what

happens inside of the
firearm.
B. EXTERNAL BALLISTICS

happens during the
bullet’s flight
C. TERMINAL BALLISTICS

happens when the
projectile strikes the
target.
* SHOT BALLISTICS
• Refers to the study of

shots from smooth bore
firearms like shotguns and
muskets.
*WOUND BALLISTICS
• Is the study of the effects

of a projectile on a target
and the conditions that
affects them.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
Is the study of recovered projectiles to
identify the firearms which fired them. It
could be better termed firearms
identification. The science of investigation
and identification of firearms and ammunition
used in crimes. Study of fire arms
identification by means of ammunition fire
from them.
DIVISIONS of FORENSIC BALLISTICS
• FIELD INVESTIGATIONS. Refers to the
work of an investigator in the field,. It
concerns mostly with the collections,
marking, preservation, packing and
transmission of ballistics exhibits such as
fired bullets, fired shells, firearms, and allied
matters.
• TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS OF THE
BALLISTIC EXHIBITS. Refers to the work of
firearms examiners or experts who examine
bullets and/or shells whether fired from the
suspected firearm submitted, and/or
determine also whether or not cartridges
were loaded or ejected from the suspected
fire arm submitted. Reports are made by the
experts and testify in court.
Personalities in Ballistics
• JOHN M. BROWNING. Wizard of modern
firearms and pioneered the breech loading single
shot rifle.
• SAMUEL COLT of Hartford, Connecticut.
Produced the first practical revolver bringing it to
what most gunsmiths would agree was its perfect
form in the Colt Army 1873 mode, which became
famous for its .45 caliber. Other manufacturers
followed Colt’s lead: Remington and Smith and
Wesson in the US.,Adams and Scott-Weblely in
BRITAIN, Star, Luger, Browning and Beretta on
the CONTINENT, until revolvers were in used in
every part of the world.
• HENRY DERRINGER. He gave his name to a whole class of
firearms (Rifles and pistols)
• ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH. Father of the percussion ignition
• JOHN C. GARAND. Designed and invented the semi-automatic
US Rifle, Cal. .30 MI
• COL. CALVIN H. GODDARD, MD., OS, U.S Army. Father of
Modern Ballistics
• JOHN MAHLON MARLIN. Founder of Marlin Firearms Company
• ELIPHALET REMINGTON. one of the first rifle makers
• JAMES WOLFE RIPLEY. Stimulated the development of the
Model 1855 rifled-musket
• BENJAMIN ROBINS. Englishman who was one of the first to
state sound ballistics theories, in his New Principles of Gunnery
in 1742.
• ELISHA KING ROOT. Designed machinery of making Colt
firearms
• BERTHOLD SCHWARTZ. A German monk, and Roger
Bacon, an English monk – are credited with gunpowder
invention. Stages of development of man’s weapon.
• HORACE SMITH. Founded the great firm Smith & Wesson
and pioneered the making of breech-loading rifles
• SIR SYDNEY SMITH. Founder of the Medico – Legal
faculty at Cairo University and later Regis Professor of
Forensic Medicine at Edinburgh, was one of the leading
exponents, studying entrance and exit wounds, powder
burns and powder “tattoing” on human skin and other
medical phenomena associated with gun fires.
• JOHN T. THOMPSON. Pioneered the
making Thompson Submachine gun
• DANIEL B. WESSON. An associate of
partners of Smith in revolver making
• DAVID “CARBINE” WILLIAMS. Maker of first
know carbine
• OLIVER F. WINSHECSTER. One of the
earliest rifles and pistol makers
FORENSIC BALLISTICS SUMMARY COMPARATIVE

FORENSIC BALLISTICS MOVIE QUESTIONS
CATAPULT MOVIE SAMPLES OF PAST
LICENSURE
FORENSIC BALLISTICS Personalities… EXAMINATION FOR
CRIMINOLOGISTS
ON FORENSIC
COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS 1996 1998 2000 2003 BALLISTICS
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”


LICENSURE
EXAMINATION
FOR
CATAPULT MOVIE
CRIMINOLOGISTS
1996
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS 1996
1. As Ballistician of Firearms Examiner he

should:
a. know everything about everything
b. know less and less about less and less
c. know more and more about more and
more
d. know more and more about less and less
2. There are three (3) types of

firearms, the rifle, pistol and
revolver. When you recovered a
rimless fired cartridge cases your
suspicion is focused to:
a. Revolver c. Pistol
b. Shot gun d. Pistol or Rifle
3. European make firearms are usually

referred to in English measurement as
millimeter in determining the caliber,
when you talk of 9mm the equivalent in
caliber is:
a. caliber .223 c. caliber .38
b. caliber .32 d. caliber .45
4. When you talk on 5.56 mm., the

equivalent in caliber is:
5. The 7.65 mm parabellium is equivalent to:

6. Lead bullets are designed to be fired

from:
7. Jacketed and pointed bullets are also

designed to fired from:
a. Pistol c. Shotgun
b. Revolver d. Rifles
8. All colt firearms, except 5.56 mm M16

rifles have:
a. 4 Lands, 4 Grooved, right twist
b. 5 Lands, 5 Grooves, right twist
c. 5 Lands, 5 Grooves, left twist
d. 6 Lands, 6 Grooves, right twist
9. Caliber .30 carbine rifle have:

a. 4 Lands, 4 Grooved, right twist
b. 5 Lands, 5 Grooves, right twist
c. 5 Lands, 5 Grooves, left twist
d. 6 Lands, 6 Grooves, right twist
10. It is a metallic unit propelled or projected

from the barrel of a gun:
a. Cartridge Case c. Propellant
b. Shell d. Pellets or
Bullets
11. The pitch of rifling is the number of

inches traveled by bullet to make a spin:
a. 4 complete turn c. 5 complete turn
b. 3 complete turn d. 1 complete turn
12. It is a tubular metal or paper rolled

was used as a container of the
bullet:
a. Rounds
b. Ammunitions
c. Bullets
d. Cartridge case or empty shell
13. The rifling of a firearm is located inside

the barrel. It consists of:
a. Raised Portion
b. Depressed Portion
c. Lands Portion
d. Lands and Grooves

LICENSURE
EXAMINATION
FOR
CATAPULT MOVIE
CRIMINOLOGISTS

1998
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

1. The marks left on a bullet by a gun barrel

are different from those left by any other
gun barrel. This fact is most useful in
directly identifying the:
a. direction from which a shot was fired
b. person who fired a particular gun
c. gun from which a bullet was fired
d. bullet which caused a fatal wound
2. A very accurate test by which an expert

can determine the distance from which
a bullet hole at which a gun was fired
is called the:
a. dephenylamine test
b. benzadine test
c. alphoneptiamine test
d. Pistol or Rifle
3. Cannelure are valuable in firearm

identification because they help the expert
determine the:
a. identify the weapon that fired a particular
bullet
b. type of gun that of fired a particular bullet
c. manufacturer of the weapon
d. manufacturer of the bullet
4. Pistols with same number of the barrel grooves may be

differentiated by the direction of the twist of the rifling
which may either or to the left or to the right. Of the
following statements, the one which can most
accurately be inferred is that
a. most pistol have the same number of grooves
b. some pistols have rifling twisted both left ad right
c. the direction of the twist in any pistols can either left
or right
d. pistols with different numbers of grooves are rifled
differently
5. The secret of good shooting form is:

a. proper sighting of the target
b. a relaxed and natural position
c. firing slowly and carefully
d. keeping the thumb along the hammer
6. The term muzzle velocity refers most

accurately to the:
a. acceleration of the projectile in flight
b. average speed of the bullet in flight
c. rate of expansion of the grooves in the
muzzle
d. speed at which the bullet leaves the
revolver
7. Discharged bullets are initiated at:

a. on base or nose
b. left side
c. right side
d. the end of bullet
8. Discharged shells are initiated at:

a. inside or outside of a case near open
end
b. where firing pin strikes
c. on any part of the shell
d. none of the above
9. Rifling in the bore of small area is

designed to:
a. increase the speed of the bullet
b. decrease the amount of recoil
c. mark the bullet for purposes of
identification
d. prevent the bullet from turning and
over end in the air
10. The caliber of a gun is:

a. its barrel length
b. the circumference
c. the size of ammunition used
d. diameter of the bore of its barrel
11. A homicide was committed by a shot gun. All

parts of the exploded shell have been
recovered by the investigator of the crime. In
order to identify the shell with the gun that
fired, the laboratory should be given
a. the cap, the wads and the pellets
b. the cap and the wads
c. the cap and the pellets
d. the cap
12. Of the following, the most accurate statement

concerning the identification of an unknown firearm
by means of ballistics is that:
a. most pistols which have left lead have at least
eight lands
b. the width of the groove in pistol can be determined
by the angle of lead
c. pistols with the same number of land can be
differentiated by the direction of the lead
d. the angle of the lead is the angle which the land
forms with the groove
13. Paraffin test is used to:

a. detect whether a witness is telling the
truth
b. discover whether the deceased person
was poisoned
c. estimate the approximate time of death
of the deceased
d. determine whether a suspect has fired
a gun recently
14. The term double action with reference to revolver

means most nearly that:
a. the revolver has both safety and automatic firing
action
b. pulling the trigger cocks the hammer and presents
a fresh cartridge for firing

c. the revolver can fire with or without automatic
shell ejection
d. the shell of a fired shot is ejected and fresh
cartridge is pushed from the magazine at the same
time

LICENSURE
EXAMINATION
FOR
CATAPULT MOVIE
CRIMINOLOGISTS

2000
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

1. What is a bullet made of steel with copper

entry?
a. tracer bullet
b. armour piercing bullet
c. bullet with plastic sabot
d. bullet with secondary explosion
2. What kind of bullet that is without a

piercing copper?
a. jacketed
b. conical
c. wad cutter
d. naked lead
3. What is the term used in the depth of the

bullet penetration on the subject?
a. terminal accuracy
b. terminal velocity
c. terminal energy
d. terminal speed
4. In Ballistics, the wounding power of a

bullet is due to the mass (weight) and
its Velocity. Which is very important?
a. weight
b. mass
c. velocity
d. all of the above
5. From the standpoint of the ballistician,

what is the most important single
process in barrel manufacture?
a. boring position
b. grinding
c. rifling position
d. reaming position
6. Iodine gun consist of two parts, one tube

consist of calcium chloride, and the other
a. THB
b. silver transfer sheet
c. glass blower
d. iodine crystal
7. What is that substance that causes

explosion by its sudden explosion or
composition?
a. acid
b. organic
c. explosive
d. base
8. What practical development method

in latent print makes fuming iodine
gun?
a. TMB
b. gentian violet…/violet crystal
c. iodine silver method / - - - -
d. cyoanalyst development
9. What type of a weapon is

designed to propel projectile by
means of compressed Air?
a. air rifle
b. marlin rifle
d. carbine
c. springfield armory
10. What steel block that closes the rear of

the bore against the force of the charge?
a. breech face
b. bore
c. breech block
d. chamber
11. What is the rate of speed of

the bullet per unit of time?
a. penetration
b. velocity
c. muzzle blast
d. terminal energy
12. What hand firearm successively

places cartridge into firing position
rotating its cylinder?
a. pistol
b. shotgun
c. revolver
d. garand
13. What type of firearm is fed by

chamber?
a. single shot firearm
b. automatic type
c. bolt action
d. slide action

LICENSURE
EXAMINATION
FOR
CATAPULT MOVIE
CRIMINOLOGISTS

2003
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

1. What is the most popular and traditional

mode of removing powder residue?
a. swabbing cotton moistened with 5%
nitric acid
b. washing hands with vinegar
c. washing both hands with hot water
d. spraying hands with sodium
rhodizonate
2. What metallic object is attached to the

free end of the cylindrical tip of the
cartridge case, propelled by the
expansive force of the propellant and it is
responsible in damaging the target?
a. bullet
b. missile or projectile
c. slug
d. all of these
3. Which of the following houses the

internal parts of the gun?
a. yoke
b. frame
c. cylinder
d. chamber
4. What kind of explosive is a mix oxygen

rich ammonium nitrate with fuel, a very
stable explosive?
a. PETN
b. RDX
c. TNT
d. ANEO
5. What is the total failure of a

cartridge to discharge called?
a. hangfire
b. misfire
c. rim fire
d. centerfire
6. What is that actual pattern or curved

path traveled by a bulletin flight?
a. pressure generated
b. trajectory
c. penetration
d. velocity
7. Which of the following tests is used to

determine whether a person fired a
gun?
a. luminescence
b. takayama’s
c. duquinois levine
d. paraffin
8. What is called of that smooth bore and

muzzle loading military shoulder arm
designed to fire or shoot a single round
lead ball?
a. shoulder arm
c. musket
b. rifle
d. shotgun
9. Which toolmark is produced by a

single application of said tool in an
area of contact?
a. indention
b. friction
c. compression
d. impression
10. It is a metallic unit propelled or

projected from the barrel of a gun:
a. Cartridge Case
b. Shell
c. Propellant
d. Pellets or Bullets
11. The pitch of rifling is the number of

inches traveled by bullet to make a
spin:
a. 4 complete turn
b. 3 complete turn
c. 5 complete turn
d. 1 complete turn
12. It is a tubular metal or paper rolled

was used as a container of the
bullet:
a. Rounds
b. Ammunitions
c. Bullets
d. Cartridge case or empty shell
13. The rifling of a firearm is located

inside the barrel. It consists of:
a. Raised Portion
b. Depressed Portion
c. Lands Portion
d. Lands and Grooves

COMMON ERRORS OF
EXAMINEES IN THE PAST
CRIMINOLOGY LICENSURE
CATAPULT MOVIE EXAMINATION
“WHAT TO
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”
AVOID”
“WHAT TO AVOID”
1. FAILURE TO FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS
e.g.
NO ERASURES WHATSOEVER
ERASED ANSWERS WILL BE MARKED
WRONG
“WHAT TO AVOID”
2. ANSWER DOES NOT TALLY WITH THE
CORRESPONDING QUESTION
e.g.
QUESTION NO. 12 –
ANSWER SHEET NO. 13
“WHAT TO AVOID”
3. EAGERNESS / RUSHING / OVERCONFIDENT
e.g.
It is otherwise known as the PNP LAW of 1991.
A. P.D. 6975
B. R.A. 7569
C. R.A. 9765
D. R.A. 6975
“WHAT TO AVOID”
4. FAILURE TO LOOK FOR KEYWORDS IN THE
QUESTIONS (RELATIONSHIP OF THE
ANSWER TO THE QUESTION)
e.g.
CONSIDERED THE FINEST INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY IN THE WHOLE WORLD.
A. ISRAEL
B. ISRAELITES
C. K.G.B.
D. MOSSAD
“WHAT TO AVOID”
5. FAILURE TO IDENTIFY OR DIFFERENTIATE THE
QUESTION FROM THE FACTS
e.g. (2003 Criminology Licensure Examination – LEA)

No. 69. In 2001, murder accounted for 10%
of all index crimes. If the total index crimes was
25,000. How many were murder incidents?
a. 250 c. 2,500
b. 500 d. 5,000
“WHAT TO AVOID”
6. FAILURE TO KNOW THE AREA OF CONCENTRATION IN THE
BOARD EXAMINATION.
e.g. Intelligence (2003 Board Examination)

Q. What is the evaluation of an intelligence report which is the information
comes from a completely reliable source and is probably true?
a. B-2 c. A-2
b. A-3 d.B-1
Forensic Ballistics (2003 Board Examination)
Q. Which of the following house the internal part of a gun?
a. Yoke c. Cylinder
b. Frame d. Chamber
“WHAT TO AVOID”
7. READING FIRST ALL THE QUESTIONS
BEFORE TRYING TO ANSWER THEM.
If you don’t know the answer, you will be

discouraged and confused.
“WHAT TO AVOID”
8. USE YOUR ALLOTTED TIME WISELY. YOU

HAVE ENOUGH TIME (FIRST IN – LAST OUT.
“WHAT TO AVOID”
9. NOT CLARIFYING PROBLEMS PROPERLY TO

THE PROCTOR ASSIGNED.
“WHAT TO AVOID”
10. NO STRATEGY OR TECHNIQUE IN

ANSWERING THE QUESTION.
e.g.
Process of Elimination
LETTER FROM SCOTT DOYLE INTELLIGENCE

AND
SECRET SERVICE
CATAPULT MOVIE
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

INTELLIGENCE
It is best defined as
evaluated Information.
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
The Intelligence Cycle is the process of developing raw information into finished intelligence for
policymakers to use in decision making and action. There are five steps which constitute the
Intelligence Cycle.
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
1. PLANNING AND DIRECTION
• ... is management of the entire effort, from identifying the
need for data to delivering an intelligence product to a
consumer. It is the beginning and the end of the cycle—the
beginning because it involves drawing up specific collection
requirements and the end because finished intelligence,
which supports policy decisions, generates new
requirements.
• The whole process depends on guidance from public
officials. Policymakers—the President, his aides, the
National Security Council, and other major departments and
agencies of government—initiate requests for intelligence.
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
2. COLLECTION
• ... is the gathering of the raw information needed to produce
finished intelligence. There are many sources of
information, including open sources such as foreign
broadcasts, newspapers, periodicals, and books. Open
source reporting is integral to CIA's analytical capabilities.
There are also secret sources of information. CIA
operations officers collect such information from agents
abroad and from defectors who provide information
obtainable in no other way.
• Finally, technical collection—electronics and satellite

photography—plays an indispensable role in modern
intelligence, such as monitoring arms control agreements
and providing direct support to military forces.
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
3. PROCESSING
• ... involves converting the vast amount of
information collected to a form usable by
analysts. This is done through a variety of
methods including decryption, language
translations, and data reduction.
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
4. ALL SOURCE ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION
• ... is the conversion of basic information into finished

intelligence. It includes integrating, evaluating, and
analyzing all available data—which is often fragmented and
even contradictory—and preparing intelligence products.
Analysts, who are subject-matter specialists, consider the
information's reliability, validity, and relevance. They
integrate data into a coherent whole, put the evaluated
information in context, and produce finished intelligence
that includes assessments of events and judgments about
the implications of the information for the United States.
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
5. DISSEMINATION
• The last step, which logically feeds into the first, is
the distribution of the finished intelligence to the
consumers, the same policymakers whose needs
initiated the intelligence requirements. Finished
intelligence is provided daily to the President and
key national security advisers. The policymakers,
the recipients of finished intelligence, then make
decisions based on the information, and these
decisions may lead to the levying of more
requirements, thus triggering the Intelligence
Cycle.
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
The various nature of intelligence are

potentially endless it depends on the use or
need.
1. Police Intelligence
2. Military Intelligence
3. Political Intelligence
4. Space Intelligence
5. Economic Intelligence
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE IN TERMS OF SCOPE
(3 broad categories)
1. Strategic Intelligence (sometimes called

National)
2. Tactical Intelligence (sometimes called
Operational or Combat)
3. Counter Intelligence
SOURCES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. Overt Sources
2. Covert Sources
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS
UNITED STATES:
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
SOVIET UNION:
Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnostil (KGB)
UNITED KINGDOM:
Wartime Designation, MI - 6
Security Service, MI – 5
FRANCE:
Service de Documentation Exterieure et de Contre-Espionnage
(SDECE)
CHINA:
Central Committee of the Communist Party (CCCP)
ISRAEL:
MOSSAD
FORENSIC BALLISTICS

FOR CRIMINOLOGY
REVIEW
CATAPULT MOVIE PRE - TEST
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

FORENSIC BALLISTICS FOR CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW PRE - TEST
SCORE EQUIVALENCY
23 - 25 Excellent
20 - 22 Very good
17 - 19 Good
14 - 16 Average
10 - 13 Below average
7-9 Poor/idiot
5-0 Moron/Retarded
1. The process of rapid burning of propellant

is technically known as
a. Flash hole
b. Incendiary
c. Deflagration
d. Smokeless Powder
2. It is the striking of someone with a barrel of a

handgun or grasps it by the barrel and strikes
someone with the butt.
a. Gun toting
b. Head butt
c. Barrel
d. Pistol whipping
3. He was the first one to undertake a

systematic series of experiments to determine
velocity of projectile. He is known as the father
of modern gunnery.
a. Nicolo Tartaglia
b. Galileo Galilei
c. Sir Isaac Newton
d. Benjamin Robins
4. A weapon which shoots automatically more

than one shot without manual reloading and by
a single function of the trigger.
a. Machine gun
b. Automatic pistol
c. Auto-loading handgun
d. Semi-automatic pistol
5. The part of the barrel of a gun

where ammunition seats.
a. Muzzle
b. Chamber
c. Bore
d. Breechface
6. The standard barrel length of a

rifle firearm.
a. 16 or 18 inches
b. 8 or 10 inches
c. 12 or 14 inches
d. 20 or 22 inches
7. The ideal barrel length of a handgun for

uniform Law Enforcers
a. 1inch
b. 3 inches
c. 2 inches
d. 4inches
8. The bouncing of a bullet when

it hits a hard object.
a. Parabolic
b. Ricochet
c. Trajectory
d. Sonic boom
9. It refers to the bore diameter of a gun.

a. Micrometer
b. Calibre
c. Caliper
d. Lands and grooves
10. It is the backward motion of the gun

as the bullet leaves the muzzle.
a. Stabilizer
b. Muzzle blast
c. Recoil
d. Barrel Suppressor
11. The common technical description of

a reloaded ammunition.
a. Combat load
b. Factory load
c. Standard load
d. Range marks
12. It is the particular characteristics of a

gun. It is sometimes called..
a. Bullet marks
b. Breech marks
c. Mechanical Fingerprint
d. Striated marks
13. The trigger that was first developed

where the lower end is an S shaped
device and the top of which held a slow-
burning match.
a. Flash hole
b. Serpentine
c. Muzzle rent
d. Trigger guard
14. A fifteenth-century Viennese gun maker

believe to be the first person to cut spiral
grooves down the length of the inside of the
gun barrel.
a. Gaspard Kollner
b. Calvin Goddard
c. Roger Bacon
d. Galileo Galilei
15. The equivalent of Cal. 38 in

millimeter.
a. 5.56 mm
b. 11 mm
c. 7.25 mm
d. 9 mm
16. It is considered the precursor of

all modern hand weapons.
a. Matchlock
b. Cannon
c. Arquebus
d. Ballistic Pendulum
17. The primary identification of a

gun is its.
a. Lands and grooves
b. Caliber, make and type
c. Rifling
d. Direction of twist
18. It is a device used to initiate the

burning of a propellant charge by mean
of flame as applied to a firearm
cartridge.
a. Detonator
b. Propellant
c. Primer
d. Explosive
19. It houses the internal part of the

gun.
a. Upper receiver
b. Gun barrel
c. Bolt carrier
d. Frame
20. The primary purpose of rifling in a gun

barrel.
a. To give gyroscopic effect to the
bullet during its flight.
b .For firearm identification
c. To identify the gun maker
d. To give greater speed velocity
21. A study that determines if a firearm

is serviceable or not and if bullets and
shells came from one and the same
firearm.
a. Firearm Analysis
b. Firearm Identification
c. Forensic Ballistics
d. Ballistics
22. A method of crime detection and

identification that determines whether the
bullet extracted from a victim or recovered
from the crime scene came from a suspected
firearm.
a. Forensic Ballistics
b. Firearm Analysis
c. Ballistics
d. Forensic Science
23. This serves the purpose of limiting

the forward movement of cartridge into
the chambers.
a. Breech face
b. Breech lock
c. Rim
d. Vent
24. It is a smokeless propellant made from two high

explosives which are nitrocellulose
and nitroglycerin.
a. Black powder
b. Ballistite
c. Poudre B
d. TNT
25. A relative new type of rifling wherein the

traditional lands and grooves are replaced instead of
“hills and valleys” in a polygonal pattern, usually a
hexagon.
a. Conventional rifling
b. Polygonal rifling
c. Broaching
d. Button Rifling
EVOLUTION OF

CRIMINAL JUSTICE
FORENSIC BALLISTICS MOVIE SYSTEM
CATAPULT MOVIE IN THE PHILIPPINES
INTELLIGENCE
“WHAT TO AVOID”

P
R C C
P O O O
O S R M
L E C R M
I C O E U
C U U C N
E T R T I
I T I T
O O Y
N N
FIVE PILLARS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

PROSECUTION
COURT
POLICE CORRECTION
COMMUNITY
WHEEL OF JUSTICE
PR
E
OS
I C
L
EC
PO
UT
IO
N
COMMUNITY
CO
RR T
EC U R
TI
ON CO
CORE OF JUSTICE
IMPORTANT TERMS IN
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM
CJS
Criminal Justice System
PCJS
Philippine Criminal Justice System
CRIME
Is an act committed or omitted in the violation of
public law forbidding or commanding it.
CRIMINAL
Is a person who has confessed to or had been convicted by
a court of the violation of a criminal law.
Is a person who committed a crime, arrested, prosecuted,
and finally convicted and sends to prison.
JUSTICE
In a broadest sense, it consist of ordering of human
relations in accordance with the general principles
impartially applied.
JUSTICE
It is the observance of one’s right.
DUE PROCESS DEFINED

Is a guaranty against any arbitrariness on the part of the
government, whether committed by the legislative,
executive or the judiciary.
Procedural due process
Is one which hears before it condemns, which proceeds
upon inquiry and renders judgment only after trial.
SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS
Requires the intrinsic validity of the law in
interfering the rights of the person to his life,
liberty or property.
SYSTEM
It refers to a body as a functional unit.
Goals of the Criminal Justice System
According to Robert D. Pursely, in a free society,

the primary goals of the CJS is:
1. To protect the members of the society. It is a
formal “instrumentality authorized by the
people of the nation to protect both their
collective and individual well being.
2. To maintain peace and order.
In addition within these two goals, there are
number of important sub-goals:
a. The prevention of crimes;
b. The supervision of criminal conduct by
apprehending offenders when prevention is
ineffective;
c. The review of the legality of the preventive an
suppressive measures.
d. The judicial determination of the guilt or
innocence of those apprehended.
e. The proper disposition of those who have been
legally found guilty.
f. The correction by socially approved means of
the behavior of those who violate the criminal
law.
PURPOSE OF CJS
1. To process those who have been accused of

criminal activities;
2. Prevent the commission of crime;
3. Protection of Society.
CJS PROCESS WORKS AS FOLLOWS:
A. AS TO MAIN PILLARS
a. Police
Arrest offenders/violators of law.
b. Prosecution
Gather necessary evidence with the help
of the police. Determine the existence of
prima facie case. File and prosecute the
case on court.
c. Court
Conduct hearing. Render authoritative
judgment.
d. Correction
Control those who were convicted by the
court and segregate them from the
community
e. Community
Is where the criminals came from.
Is where the person convicted of an
offense will finally stay after serving his
sentence.
B. AS TO AUXILLARY PILLARS:
1. Parole and Probation Administration

Supervise low risk, non-serious law violators –
those convicted of imprisonment of not more than 6
years. (For Probation officers)
Select inmates ready for re-entry to the society.
Those prisoners who have served the minimum of
their sentence.
These pillars are all concerned in the prevention, control
and reduction of crime and delinquency.
HURDLING THE
CRIMINOLOGY
FORENSIC BALLISTICS MOVIE BOARD

CATAPULT MOVIE
EXAMINATIONS
INTELLIGENCE

PROF. DARLITO BERNARD G. DELIZO
“WHAT TO AVOID”

Putting God First
Matthew 6:33
“But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and
His righteousness; and all these things
shall be added unto you.” (KJV)
1 Corinthians 10:31
“So whether you eat or drink or
WHATEVER YOU DO, do it ALL for
the glory of GOD.” (NIV)
MECHANICS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE
AND
PRC SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS
August 4, 5 and 6, 2004

- Recognized as the most widely applicable

and useful type of objective test item.
It measures simple learning outcome

measured by:
- Short answer item;
- Alternate-response item; and
- Matching exercise.
It measures also complex learning outcomes

in the:
- knowledge; understanding; and application areas.
Characteristics of Multiple Choice
1. PROBLEM (stem) – in the form of a direct
question or an incomplete statement
2. SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS (alternatives) –
words, numbers, symbols, or phrases.
3. ANSWER – correct alternative
4. DISTRACTERS – remaining alternatives
EXAMPLES
Direct-question form:
In which one of the following places modern
policing started?
A. USA C. Scotland
B. London D. England
Incomplete statement form:
Rigor mortis is a post-mortem body changes
occurring in the -
A. Color C. Blood
B. Eye D. Muscle
EXAMPLES
Best-answer type:
Which of the following is the most important
element of fire?
A. Heat C. Oxygen
B. Fuel D. Temperature
Which of the following is the most expensive
type of patrol?
A. Helicopter Patrol C. K-9 Patrol
B. Marine Patrol D. Foot Patrol
USES:
I. Measuring Knowledge Outcomes
A. Knowledge of Terminology:
Which word nearly expresses the meaning of
collusion?
A. decision C. connivance
B. continuation D. insinuation
Which of these best describes conduction?
A. Heat transfer through liquid
B. Heat transfer through heat wave
C. Heat transfer through solid materials
D. Heat transfer through air motion
USES:
A. Knowledge of Terminology:
What is meant by the word “horde” in the
following sentence: “The police successfully
dispersed the horde of protesters.”
A. large group
B. supporters
C. motor vehicles
D. barricade
USES:
B. Knowledge of Specific Facts:
What was the first court which held upon the
admissibility of fingerprint as evidence?
A. New Jersey Court C. California Court
B. Illinois Court D. Seattle Court
What was the state where the Miranda
Doctrine originated?
A. Oregon C. Michigan
B. Arizona D. Texas
USES:
II. Measuring Outcomes at the Understanding and

Application Levels
Which of the following does not fall under
Class A fires?
A. none of these C. burning nipa hut
B. exploding gas depot D. forest fire
Which of the following best illustrates arson?
A. simultaneous fire
B. faulty electric wiring
C. unexplained explosion
D. thick reddish smoke
USES:
II. To Interpret Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Carbon dioxide is hazardous because it -
A. is poisonous
B. explodes when ignited by spark
C. does not support life
D. Supports combustion
There is an increased quantity of carbon monoxide produced
when fuel is burned in limited supply of oxygen because -
A. carbon reacts with carbon monoxide
B. carbon reacts with carbon dioxide
C. carbon monoxide is an effective reducing agent
D. greater oxidation takes place
USES:
II. To Justify Methods of Procedures
Why is water prohibited to quench Class D fires?

A. Burning metals are too hot
B. Water is not capable of extinguishing the fire
C. There is the danger of electrocution
D. Explosion may occur
Why fountain pen ink, colored ink and stamp pad ink
are objectionable for taking real impressions?
A. They are too thin
B. They dry too slow
C. They do not easily smear
D. Satisfactory for comparison purposes.
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
• SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS

CRIMINOLOGISTS LICENSURE
EXAMINATION
August 4, 5 and 6, 2004
BOARD OF CRIMINOLOGY
Pursuant to Sec. 7 (d) of
R.A. No. 8981
SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS
CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE AND PROCEDURE
1. A witness testifying on matter which

he learned from other person is said
to be introducing ________________
evidence.
A. direct C. circumstantial
B. hearsay D. corroborative
2. Giving to a treasury note the

appearance of a true genuine
document is called:
A. counterfeiting C. forgery
B. falsification D. alteration
Hints:
Title Four, Chapter 1, Section 3, Art. 169 (RPC) –
FORGERY in this section may be committed by -
1. Giving to a treasury or bank note or any
instrument payable to bearer or order, the
appearance of a true genuine document, or
2. Erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering
by any means the figures, letters, words or
signs contained therein.
Distinctions:
FORGERY FALSIFICATION
1. Two acts or ways 1. Eight acts or ways
2. Applies to 2. Applies to public,
treasury or bank commercial or
notes or similar private documents
instruments
3. If no appeal is made, a judgment

becomes final after ______ days
from its promulgation.
A. jurisdiction
B. Geographical division
C. venue
D. territory
Supposedly . . . . . . .
3. If no appeal is made, a judgment
becomes final after ______ days
from its promulgation.
A. 5 C. 15
B. 10 D. 30
4. The territorial unit where the power of

the court is to be exercised is known
as:
A. jurisdiction
B. Geographical division
C. venue
D. territory
5. A proceeding for review by which the

whole case is elevated to higher
court for final adjudication is called:
A. appeal C. reconsideration
B. review D. remand
LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
1. An a-1 intelligence report means -

A. The information comes reliable sources and is
possibly true
B. The information comes from reliable sources
and is probably true
C. The information comes from reliable sources
but it is doubtfully true
D. The information comes from completely sources
and is confirmed by other sources.
Supposedly . . . .
1. An a-1 intelligence report means -
A. The information comes from reliable sources
and is possibly true
B. The information comes from reliable sources
and is probably true
C. The information comes from reliable sources
but it is doubtfully true
D. The information comes from completely reliable
sources and is confirmed by other sources.
Hints:
ACCURACY RELIABILITY
A - Confirmed by other 1 - Completely reliable
B - Probably true 2 - Usually reliable
C - Possibly true 3 - Fairly reliable
D - Doubtfully true 4 - Not usually reliable
E - Improbable 5 - Unreliable
F - Truth cannot be 6 - Reliability cannot
judged be judged
2. In planning for a traffic control

program, which of the following IS
NOT a factor to consider?
A. Model of cars and vehicles
B. Incidence of traffic accidents
C. Existing road/highway system
D. Traffic congestion hazards
Observe the following:
A. NOT ONE IS NOT
B. EXCEPT INCLUDED or DOES
C. OTHER THAN NOT BELONG TO
THE GROUP
D. ALL BUT ONE
E. NEITHER None of these/above
F. EITHER All of these
3. Who among the following were given

the opinion to join the PNB as provided
under Republic Act No. 6975?
A. NAPOLCOM operatives
B. NBI Agents
C. Central Bank Security Guards
D. Jail guards
Supposedly . . . . . . .
3. Who among the following were given
the option to join the PNP as provided
under Republic Act No. 6975?
A. NAPOLCOM operatives
B. NBI Agents
C. Central Bank Security Guards
D. Jail guards
4. Canine units are used not only in patrol

operations but also in anti-drug operations.
This means the utilization of -
A. Police radios
B. Police records
C. Police cars
D. Police dogs
5. This involves the security of plants and

business enterprises which includes the
safeguarding of personnel, processes,
properties and operations.
A. Personnel security
B. Document security
C. Industrial security
D. Communication security
CRIME DETECTION, INVESTIGATION & PREVENTION
1. In crime scene investigation, who

determine its entry/exit?
A. The prober
B. The chief
C. SOCO
D. Sleuth
2. The most recent popular scientific

tool in the identification of person is:
A. dactyloscopy
B. computer
C. discoverer
D. deoxynucleic acid
Supposedly . . . . .
2. The most recent popular scientific
tool in the identification of person is:
A. dactyloscopy
B. computer
C. discoverer
D. deoxyribonucleic acid
3. In collecting semen on an object, use

a tube and transfer it to:
A. cotton cloth
B. container
C. paper pocket
D. Glass kit
Supposedly . . . . .
3. In collecting (liquid) semen on an
object, use a tube, keep it refrigerated
and submit it at once to the laboratory
for analysis or transfer it to a:
A. cotton cloth C. paper packet
B. container D. Glass kit
4. Since 1997, the LTO issued Ten (10)

Commandments of Traffic which is
not only useful to the public but also
to traffic investigators. The no. 1 of
the said commandments is:
A. if in doubt, don’t overtake
B. do not overtake on the right
C. keep right
D. safety first
5. In order to have a successful

interrogation, one of the most important
factors to consider is:
A. knowledge of all facts
B. subject’s emotion
C. cooperation
D. privacy
CRIMINALISTICS
1. In forgery stimulating method, the best

equipment to use in detecting it is the:
A. graphic camera
B. high powered microscope
C. computing magnifying microscope
D. low powered microscope
CRIMINALISTICS
Supposedly . . . .
1. In forgery by simulating method, the best
equipment to use in detecting is the:
A. graphic camera
B. high powered microscope
C. computing magnifying glass
D. low powered microscope
CRIMINALISTICS
2. Photographs are valuable in crime

investigation for it provides law
enforces an easier works in court:
A. duties
B. function
C. testimony
D. appearance
CRIMINALISTICS
Supposedly. . . .
2. Photographs are valuable in crime
investigation for it provides law
enforcers an easier works in court:
A. duties
B. function
C. testimony
D. appearance
CRIMINALISTICS
3. Can a strong acid burn completely and

never to recur fingerprints?
A. always
B. none of these
C. it depends
D. no
CRIMINALISTICS
4. Microscopic examination is a:
A. conformity test
B. physical test
C. physiological test
D. scientific test
CRIMINALISTICS
5. Proofs of poisoning maybe obtained

from the post-mortem examination and
by:
A. toxicologic
B. pathologic analysis of the tissues
C. necropsy
D. chemical analysis of the organs
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
1. Probation is granted to ____________

who are sentenced to a prison term of
not more than six (6) years.
A. recidivist
B. second-time offenders
C. first-time offenders
D. senior citizens
2. The Child and Youth Welfare Code of

1974 was promulgated on December
10, 1974 by virtue of what Presidential
Decree?
A. P.D. No. 613
B. P.D. No. 603
C. P.D. No. 916
D. P.D. No. 319
3. What are emphasized under the

custodial model of correctional
institutions?
A. Reintegration into society
B. Security, discipline and order
C. Rehabilitation and correction
D. Physical and mental upliftment
4. What is the security classification of

inmates who have 2 or more escape
records but have served 8 years since
recommitment?
A. Minimum security
B. Optimum security
C. Maximum security
D. Medium security
5. What is the security classification of an

inmate who is criminally insane or with
severe personality or emotional
disorder and is a danger to others?
A. Minimum security
B. Optimum security
C. Maximum security
D. Medium security
CRIMINAL SOCIOLOGY, ETHICS AND HUMAN RELATIONS
1. Crimes committed by persons who

usually occupy key positions, maintains
prestige and high social are referred to
as ___________
A. blue collar
B. economic
C. organized
D. white collar
2. Presidential Decree No. 603, as

distinguished from Adult Probation
Law, is known as the _____________
A. Revised Penal Code

B. Child Welfare Act
C. Child and Youth Welfare Code
D. Special Protection for Children Law
3. The structure of the human personality

which is guided by the moral principle
id the:
A. id.
B. foreconscious.
C. super-ego.
D. ego.
Supposedly . . . .
3. The structure of the human personality
which is guided by the moral principle
is the:
A. id.
B. foreconscious.
C. super-ego.
D. ego.
4. The agencies and institutions whose

primary responsibility is dealing with
juvenile offenders and those juveniles
in need of supervision comprises the:
A. Juvenile justice
B. Minor judicial system
C. Juvenile system
D. Juvenile justice system
5. PNP members shall perform their duties

with integrity, intelligence and competence
in the application of specialized skills and
technical knowledge with excellence and
expertise. This requirement of police
standards is known as police __________
A. capability
B. efficiency and expertise
C. professionalism
D. competence
In closing . . . Be HUMBLE!
Luke 14:11 & 18:14b

“For everyone who exalts himself will be
humbled, and he who humbles himself
will be exalted.” (NIV)
James 4:10
“Humble yourselves before the Lord, and
He will lift you up.” (NIV)
Finally . . . ASK GOD
James 1:5 (NIV)
“If any of you lacks wisdom, he should ask
God, who gives generously to all without
finding fault, and it will be given to him.”
Matthew 7:7 & Luke 11:9
“ASK and it will be given to you; SEEK and
you will find; knock and the door will be
opened to you.” (NIV)
Lastly . . . ASK THROUGH JESUS CHRIST’S NAME
John 14:13-14 (NIV)

“And I will do whatever you ask in my
name, so that the Son may bring glory to
the Father. You my ask me for anything
in my name, and I will do it.”
BECAUSE . . . . . .
1 Timothy 2:5 (NIV)

“For there is one God and
one MEDIATOR between
God and men, the man
CHRIST JESUS”
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS!
MFP

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MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS ON FORENSIC BALLISTICS

LETTER FROM SCOTT DOYLE

FORENSIC BALLISTICS SUMMARY DR. MILLER F. PECKLEY

FORENSIC BALLISTICS Personalities…

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS 1996 1998 2000 2003

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

HURDLING THE CRIMINOLOGY…

LAUGHTERS AND PUZZLES

 THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES IN

LETTER FROM SCOTT DOYLE

FORENSIC BALLISTICS SUMMARY

FORENSIC BALLISTICS MOVIE

FORENSIC BALLISTICS Personalities…

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS 1996 1998 2000 2003

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

HURDLING THE CRIMINOLOGY…

LAUGHTERS AND PUZZLES

Which is generally used to determine

From a tiny evidence like a strand of hair,

Fingerprint identification or dactyloscopy is the oldest

This method of examination is used to

This method of laboratory examination, although

A picture speaks a thousand words. Man’s

• The study of what

• The study of what

• The study of what

• Refers to the study of

• Is the study of the effects

LETTER FROM SCOTT DOYLE

FORENSIC BALLISTICS SUMMARY COMPARATIVE

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

HURDLING THE CRIMINOLOGY…

LAUGHTERS AND PUZZLES

LETTER FROM SCOTT DOYLE

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS 1996 1998 2000 2003

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

HURDLING THE CRIMINOLOGY…

LAUGHTERS AND PUZZLES

1. As Ballistician of Firearms Examiner he

2. There are three (3) types of

3. European make firearms are usually

4. When you talk on 5.56 mm., the

5. The 7.65 mm parabellium is equivalent to:

6. Lead bullets are designed to be fired

7. Jacketed and pointed bullets are also

8. All colt firearms, except 5.56 mm M16

9. Caliber .30 carbine rifle have:

10. It is a metallic unit propelled or projected

11. The pitch of rifling is the number of

12. It is a tubular metal or paper rolled

13. The rifling of a firearm is located inside

LETTER FROM SCOTT DOYLE

FORENSIC BALLISTICS Personalities…

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS 1996 1998 2000 2003

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

HURDLING THE CRIMINOLOGY…

LAUGHTERS AND PUZZLES

1. The marks left on a bullet by a gun barrel

2. A very accurate test by which an expert

3. Cannelure are valuable in firearm

4. Pistols with same number of the barrel grooves may be

5. The secret of good shooting form is:

6. The term muzzle velocity refers most