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Things that interest you People you interact with

How you exercise What you listen to

What you read How you behave

What you eat Where you live

It all adds up to you.

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 BLOK 6 GENETIKA DAN BIOLOGI MOLEKULER

What we are made of.

Ziske Maritska

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OUTLINE

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H I S T O R Y, D E F I N I T I O N , M E C H A N I S M ,
I M P O R TA N C E

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 HISTORY

The term epigenetics coined by Waddington in 1942

Derived from the Greek word “epigenesis” which originally described the influence
of genetic processes on development

Environmental stress caused genetic assimilation of certain phenotypic

characteristics in Drosophila fruit flies

Waddington C.H., “The Epigenotype”, 1942

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 DEFINITION

A change in phenotype without a change in genotype

Heritable gene expression

Active vs inactive genes

Regular and natural occurrence  affect physiological states and pathological

states

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 DEFINITION

Influenced by several factors;

age, the environment/lifestyle, and disease state

Various cancers, mental retardation associated disorders, immune

disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, and pediatric disorders

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 MECHANISM

DNA methylation

Histone modification

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-associated gene silencing

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 D N A M E T H Y L AT I O N

Addition of a methyl (CH3) group to DNA  modify the function of the

genes  affect gene expression

Methylation turns genes “off”

Demethylation turns genes “on”

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 D N A M E T H Y L AT I O N

Addition of a methyl (CH3) group to DNA  modify the function of the

genes  affect gene expression

Methylation turns genes “off”

Demethylation turns genes “on”

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 H I S T O N E M O D I F I C AT I O N

Histone: protein that wrapped by DNA

DNA wrapped tightly around histones  can’t be accessed by proteins that “read”
the gene

Genes wrapped around histones  turned “off”

Genes not wrapped around histones  turned “on”

Chemical groups can be added or removed from histones and change whether a
gene is unwrapped or wrapped (“on” or “off”)

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 NON-CODING RNA

DNA  instructions for making coding and non-coding RNA

Coding RNA  proteins

Non-coding RNA  control gene expression by attaching to coding RNA

Non-coding RNA can recruit proteins to modify histones 

turns genes “on” or “off”

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The roots of inheritance go deep beyond the genome.

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