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Panas Reaksi-3a
Panas Reaksi-3a
What is Energy?
A. Energy is a property of matter that allows work to be done (the
capacity to do work or to produce heat*)
D. Heat units
Joule (J) - the official SI unit defined in terms of
force times distance (Nm or kgm2/s2)
calorie (cal) - originally defined as the amt. of heat
needed to raise 1 g of water 1 C°.
Calorie (Cal) - 1000 calories, 1 kcal, used by
nutritionists
Heat
What is heat?
It is NOT the same thing as temperature.
Temperature is a measure of how much heat can
flow but it is not a measure of the heat itself. Heat
is a form of energy. As a result heat is measured in
Joules. It is energy that flows due to a temperature
difference. Heat is given the symbol q.
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that
are at different temperatures.
900C
400C
greater thermal energy
6.2
Energy changes in a physical change
A. As heat is added to a substance it undergoes
temperature changes (KE changes) and phase
changes (PE changes).
B. Temp changes
As we add heat to a solid, liquid or gas the
temperature usually changes. The amount of heat
needed depends to change the temp depends on 3
factors: (1) the amount of material, (2) what the
material is, (3) the amount of temperature change
needed.
• These factors form the basis for an equation:
Q = m Cp ΔT
• Q [=] J is the heat required
• m [=] g is the amt of substance
• ΔT [=] C° is the change in temperature
• ΔT also equal Tf - Ti where Tf and Ti represent the
final and initial temperatures
Note:
Q will be positive if the temp is increasing (ΔT +) and negative if
the temp is decreasing (ΔT -).
Cp is the amount of heat needed to change a unit mass of
material by a unit temperature change. It is called the specific
heat capacity. Most commonly the units are J/gC° or J/mole C°.
The value of Cp changes from one phase to another and from
one substance to another. The subscript p refers to the fact
that the is the heat capacity at constant pressure - a situation
that is commonly encountered when processes occur that are
open to the atmosphere.
C. Phase changes
The above equation can be used for any temperature
change where we heat a solid, liquid or gas. But
what happens at the phase change points?
Exothermic processes
• Exothermic processes are those in which the
enthalpy of the products is less that the enthalpy of
the reactants. ΔH < 0 and heat is given up to the
surroundings. If a chemical reaction takes place, the
"pot" feels hot. Freezing is a physical change that is
exothermic.
To calculate the amount of heat needed to go from one
temp to another, you must:
• Identify the phase you are in at the beginning temp.
• Identify the phase you are in at the end temp.
• Use the appropriate steps (transitions) to get from
the beginning to the end. Add the various steps
together to get the total.
2. Then obtain the number of moles of butane from the balanced equation and
use this to calculate the ΔH for the reaction.
n = 2 moles C4H8
ΔH = n . ΔHcomb.
=2 mol x -2871 J/mol
= -5742 kJ
3. Report the energy change for the reaction by writing the appropriate
thermochemical equation.
Answer:
Molar enthalpy is the enthalpy change in equation divided
by the balance of CO2 (g)
Molar enthalpy, ΔH substance = 5315 kJ ÷ 8 mol = 664 kJ/mol.
How much heat will be released if 65 grams of butane is burned in a
lighter according the equation in the example above.
Answer:
1) Given
65 grams of butane
ΔH reaction = 5315 kJ
2) a) Moles of butane
mass ÷ gram molecular weight ( butane )
65 grams ÷ 58.14 g/mol = 1.12 moles
b) Molar enthalpy
5315 kJ ÷ 2 mol C4H10 = 2657.5 kJ/mol
Allotropic modification
The amount of heat evolved or absorbed for different forms of the same substance are different. For
example,
Temperature
The heat of reaction depends upon the temperature of reactants and products.
Pressure or volume
The heat of reaction depends upon the conditions of constant pressure or volume. As,
ΔH = ΔE+ P ΔV
ΔH may be equal, greater than or less than ΔE.
• Calculate the standard enthalpy (heat) of
reaction for the oxidation of ammonia gas
to produce nitrogen dioxide gas and water
vapour given the following standard
enthalpies (heats) of formation:
Hrxn
0
= nH0f (products) - mHf0 (reactants)
Hrxn
0
= [ 12H0f (CO2) + 6H0f (H2O)] - [ 2Hf0 (C6H6) ]
Hrxn
0
= [ 12x–393.5 + 6x–187.6 ] – [ 2x49.04 ] = -5946 kJ
-5946 kJ
= - 2973 kJ/mol C6H6
2 mol
6.5
Example
Will the reaction
P4O10 (s) + 6 H2O (l) --> 4 H2PO4 (aq)
be exothermic or endothermic?
Solution
The enthalpy of a reaction can be evaluated from the
standard enthalpies of formation of all products and
reactants.
ΔHo = ΔHof(all products) - ΔHof(all reactants)
Thus, it is desirable to find the ΔHof of all products and
reactants: P4O10, -3110 kJ/mol; H2, -286 kJ/mol; H3PO4, -
1288 kJ/mol.
ΔHo = -4*1288 - (-3110 -286*6)
= -326 kJ/mol.
Panas pembentukan dihitung dari panas
pembakaran
Suatu senyawa CaHbBrcCldFeIfOgNhSi, , jika ΔHc adalah
panas pembakaran suatu senyawa yang menghasilkan
produk akhir, CO2 (g), H2O (l), Br (l), Cl2(g),HF(aq), I(s), N2
(g),SO2 (g) dan ΔHf adalah panas pembentukan :
ΔHf = -ΔHc -94051,8 a – 34158,7 b – 44501 e -70960 i
mass = m
Temperature change = T
specific heat capacity, or specific heat
•A measure of the efficiency with which a substance
can store this heat energy
s of Fe = 0.444 J/g • 0C
6.4
Constant Pressure Calorimetry (solutions)
Reaction at Constant P
H = qrxn
Reaction at Constant V
H = qrxn
H ~ qrxn
No heat enters or leaves!
6.4
Calculate heat of reaction by calorimetry
6.6
The Solution Process for NaCl