Sir Sem A.

Mapa
 Definition of Terms
Variability – measures the spread or dispersion of a set of data.
Range R – a measure of variability of a set of measurements is defined as the
difference between the largest and smallest measurement. This is a very unstable
measure of variability since we only consider the highest and smallest
measurement.
Mean Absolute Deviation – the average deviation about the mean defined by the
formula
or
Variance of Population, , of N measurements –is defined as the average of the
squares of the deviations of the measurements about the mean .
or
Variance of Sample, , of n measurements – is defined to as the measurements about
the mean divided by
or
The Standard deviation of a set of measurements is equal to the positive square root
of the variance.
For a population:
or
For a sample:
Examples
1. Consider the sample measurements 49, 42, 45, 43, 41. Find the range, mean
absolute deviation and the standard deviation.

SOLUTION

The range of the measurement is

To calculate the mean absolute deviation and standard deviation, first

find the mean
 Table 1

49 5 25

42 2 4

45 1 1

43 1 1

41 3 9

12 40
To compute the mean absolute deviation:

To compute the sample variance:

To compute the standard deviation

2. Consider the following measures from a population
76, 58, 60, 65, 70, 55, 80, 75, 65, 63, 61, 88
Find the range, mean absolute deviation, and the standard deviation.

SOLUTION:

The range of the data set is

To find the mean absolute deviation and standard

deviation, find the mean first. The mean is
 Table 2
76 8 64
58 10 100
60 8 64
65 3 9
70 2 4
55 13 169
80 12 144
75 7 49
65 3 9
63 5 25
61 7 49
88 20 400
98 1086
To find the mean absolute deviation:

To find the variance:

To find the standard deviation:

1
Population Variance for
Grouped Data
Where there is a considerable number of items in the series the
calculation of the variance and the standard deviation can be more
readily performed if the data is first grouped into the form of a
frequency distribution.
 The formulas are as follows:

1. The deviation of the midpoint of each group from the arithmetic mean is used as
a measure of the average deviation from the mean of all items in that group.
2. The average deviation of each group is squared to obtain the necessary
deviation squared
3. The average deviation is multiplied by the frequency indicated for the group in
order to obtain the total of the squared deviations for that group.
4. The totals are added for the entire distribution.
5. Divide the total by N to get the variance. Get the square root of this quotient to
get the standard deviation of the distribution. Below are the formulas for the
variance.
or
Sample Variance for Grouped Data
or
 Example Table 3
Consider the frequency distribution in Chapter 1.
Classes

210-219 3 214.5 643.5 33.6 100.8 1128.96 3386.88

220-229 5 224.5 1122.5 23.6 118 556.96 2784.8

230-239 8 234.5 1876 13.6 108.8 184.96 1479.68

240-249 11 244.5 2689.5 3.6 39.6 12.96 142.56

250-259 9 254.5 2290.5 6.4 57.6 40.96 368.64

260-269 7 264.5 1851.5 16.4 114.8 268.96 1882.72

270-279 6 274.5 1647 26.4 158.4 696.96 4181.76

280-289 1 284.5 284.5 36.4 36.4 1324.96 1324.96

50 12405 734.4 15552

The mean of distribution is

To compute the mean absolute deviation,

To compute the variance,

To compute the standard deviation,

The computation for standard deviation may be
simplified by the following method

a. Instead of using the mean, compute the standard deviation about a

conveniently selected point. For this purpose, the midpoint of any group may be
selected.
b. When the class intervals are uniform in size the calculation may be simplified
by carrying out all computations in the terms of class intervals and then
multiplying the final result by the size of the class interval. The formula for the
standard deviation is

where = standard deviation

= deviation from the arbitrary mean
= frequency of values in class interval
= size of the class intervals
 Using the example in Table 3, we construct Table 4.
Table 4
Classes
210-219 3 -3 -9 9 27
220-229 5 -2 -10 4 20
230-239 8 -1 -8 1 8
240-249 11 0 0 0 0
250-259 9 1 9 1 9
260-269 7 2 14 4 28
270-279 6 3 18 9 54
280-289 1 4 4 16 16
50 18 162

To compute standard deviation:

Other Measurement of Dispersion
As the dispersion of the frequency distribution is increased
the distance between the quartiles is enlarged. Since an
increased dispersion will be indicated by a greater distance
between the quartiles, this distance may be used as the basis
of a measure of dispersion.
 The Quartile Deviation or
Semi-Interquartile Range
One half of the distance between the quartiles may be used as a
measure of the average distance of each quartiles from the
median. This value is used as a measure of dispersion.
Example
Table 5

210-219 3 3
220-229 5 8
230-239 8 16
240-249 11 27
250-259 9 36
260-269 7 43
270-279 6 49
280-289 1 50
50
Quartile Deviation:

First Quartile:

Third Quartile:

The quartile deviation is