Introduction to Community Health

Nursing
 ALLENDER
Sense of unity & belongingness.

Group or collection of LUNDY AND JANES

locality-based Exhibits a commitment with one another.

individual, interacting in
CLARK
social units and sharing Functions collectively within a defined social structure to
common interests, address common concerns

characteristics, values
SHUSTER & GOEPPINGER
and/or goals. Locality-based entity, which reflects society's institution,
informal groups, and aggregattes

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Two (2) Main Types of
Community
-Maurer& Smith 2009
GEOPOLITICAL COMMUNITY
-Territorial communities governed by man-made
boundaries (laws).
- e.g. barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, regions,
continents.

FUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY
- More abstract set-up: group of people of share the same
culture, perspective, religion, history, interest or goals

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 MURRAY
-A state of well-being wherein an individual is able to
a state of complete purposeful, adaptive responses and processes--Physically,
physical, mental and mentally, emotionally, spiritually and socially.

social well-being and

not merely the absence
of disease and infirmity. PENDER
-World Health Organization (WHO) - Competent self-care, satisfying relationship with others
and goal-directed behavior.

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 OTHER PRINCIPLES

Optimum Level of
a state of complete Functioning
physical, mental and Health-illness continuum
social well-being and High-level wellness
Agent-host-environment
not merely the absence
Health belief
of disease and infirmity.
Evolutionary-based
-World Health Organization (WHO)
Health promotion

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 MODERN CONCEPT OF HEALTH
- It refers to the optimum level of functioning of an
individual, family & community. -Jacobson

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 HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM
The Illness-Wellness Continuum proposes that individuals can move farther to
the right, towards greater health and wellbeing, passing through the stages of
awareness, education, and growth. Worsening states of health are reflected by
signs, symptoms and disability.
-John Travis

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 HEALTH-ILLNESS CONTINUUM

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 • Income & Social Status
• Education
• Physical Environment
• Employment & working conditions
• Social support networks

DETERMINANTS
• Culture
• Genetics

OF HEALTH
• Personal behavior & coping skills
• Health Services
• Gender

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 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
-Service rendered by a professional nurse with
communities, groups, families, individuals at home, in
Part of paramedical health centers, clinics, in schools, in places of work for
and medical promotion of health, prevention of illness, care of the
sick at home and rehabilitation.
interventions/approach
which is concerned on
The utilization of the nursing process in the different
the health of the whole levels of clientele-individuals, families, population
population groups and communities, concerned with the
promotion of health, prevention of disease and
disability and rehabilitation.” ( Maglaya, et al)

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 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
-Service rendered by a professional nurse with
communities, groups, families, individuals at home, in
Part of paramedical health centers, clinics, in schools, in places of work for
and medical promotion of health, prevention of illness, care of the
sick at home and rehabilitation.
interventions/approach
which is concerned on
-The utilization of the nursing process in the different
the health of the whole levels of clientele-individuals, families, population
population groups and communities ( Maglaya, et al)

-Encompasses subspecialties: Public Health Nursing,

School Nursing, Occupational Health Nursing and
other areas like home care, & independent nursing
practice.
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science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life, promoting health and
efficiency through organized
community effort for:
• The sanitation of the environment
• The control of communicable infections
• The education of the individual in personal
hygiene
• The organization of medical and nursing
services for the early diagnosis and
preventive treatment of disease
• The development of a social machinery to
ensure every one a standard of living,
adequate for maintenance of health to
enable every citizen to realize his birth
right of health and longevity
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
-a specialized field of nursing that focuses on the
health needs of communities and their practice
applied to promoting and protecting the health of the
population.
Public Health Core:
• Disease Control
• Injury Prevention
• Health Protection
• Health public policy including those in relation to
existing hazards
• Promotion of health and equitable health gain.
Organized, legislated, funded > executed through health
departments and other related agencies/offices.

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 Control communicable & non-communicable diseases
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Organization of Medical & Nursing Services for early detection,

diagnosis, prevention

Development of social machineries or innovations to improve

quality of life

Education of individuals, family & community

Sanitation of the environment

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 ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

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 *In the event that the Municipal
Health Officer (MHO) is unable to
perform his duties/functions or is
not available, the Public Health
Nurse will take charge of the
MHO’s responsibilities.
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• Clinician, who is a health care provider, taking care of
the sick people at home or in the RHU
• Health Educator, who aims towards health promotion
and illness prevention through dissemination of correct
information; educating people
• Facilitator, who establishes multi-sectoral linkages by
referral system
• Supervisor, who monitors and supervises the
performance of midwives
• Leader, Change Agent/Catalyst
• Advocator, who act on behalf of the client
• Researcher
Examples of Data Needed for Evidence-Based Planning

Demographic Vulnerable Groups Service Providers/Available

Vital Statistics Too young & Too old

• Resources (Rescue Units,
ambulance, emergency carts,
first aid kits etc) • Epidemiology and Surveillance Data
• Field Health Services and Information
System
Census: No. of Pregnant Women,/Lactating • Capacity Buidling
Families/Households Mothers (Pregnancy Tracker)
• Community Profiling
• Health Risk & Vulnerability Assessment

No. of geographically
isolated and No. of Fully Immunized • Networking (Inter-Local Health
disadvantaged area Children (FIC) Zone & other stakheolders)
(GIDA) brgys <Directories>

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 Population-Based/Focused
01 Providing care based on the greater need of a

3
population/community.

IMPORTANT It has 3 Level of Clientele

ELEMENTS 02 Individual
Family

OF
Community

CHN Identifies Public Health Interventions

03

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 1 Disease Surveillance & Case Finding
o To measure the magnitude of the
problem

2 Outreach: Population Assessment

Public Health 3 Screening

Interventions
4 Referral and Follow-up

5 Case Management

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 6 Delegated Functions

7 Health Teaching/Education
Public Health
Interventions 8 Counselling

9 Consultations

10 Collaboration/Coordination

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 11 Networking/Coalition Building

12 Community Organizing

Public Health 13 Advocacy

Interventions
14 Social Marketing

15 Policy development & Enforcement

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHN
• COMMUNITY AS THE CLIENT 2. ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
The community is the patient in In CHN, the client is considered
CHN, the family is the unit of care as an ACTIVE partner NOT
and there are four levels of clientele: individual, family,
PASSIVE recipient of care
population group (those who share common characteristics, developmental stages and common

exposure to health problems – e.g. children, elderly), and the community.

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHN
3. ADAPTIVE
CHN practice is affected by
developments in health
technology, in particular,
changes in society, in general
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4. NETWORKING
The goal of CHN is achieved
through multi-sectoral efforts
5. BROAD SYSTEM
CHN is a part of health care system and the larger human
services system.
 PUBLIC HEALTH WORKERS
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

MUNICIPAL/CITY/ PUBLIC HEALTH RURAL HEALTH RURAL HEALTH

PROVINCIAL NURSE (RN) MIDWIFE DENTIST
HEALTH OFFICER

MEDICAL SANITARY
NUTRITIONIST* PHARMACIST
TECHNOLOGIST INSPECTOR

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 Google Classroom
for 2C

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