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ACID
BASE
Acids
donate Bases
protons accept
protons
The Hydronium ion
An amphoteric substance is a
substance that can act as either an
acid or a base.
Relative Strengths
of Acids and Bases
A strong acid completely transfers its
protons to water, leaving no
undissociated molecules in water. It
totally dissociates in water.
Relative Strengths, continued
Kc = [H3O+][OH-]
Ion-Product Constant for H2O
= [H ][OH ] = 1.0 x 10
+ - -14
Acid and Base Ionization
Constants
The acid ionization constant (Ka) is
the equilibrium constant for the
ionization of a weak acid in water.
The base ionization constant (Kb) is
the equilibrium constant for a weak
base.
For any conjugate acid-base pair,
Kw = Ka x Kb.
pH Scale
pH = -log[H+]
Neutral solution:
Kw 1.0 x 10-14
[H+] = = = 5.0 x 10-12 M
[OH-] 2.0 x 10-3
pH meter
Acid-base indicators (less precise)
Methyl orange
Litmus
phenolphthalein
Etc.
Strong Acids and Bases
The seven most common strong acids include
6 monoprotic acids (HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3,
HClO3, and HClO4) and one diprotic acid,
H2SO4.
pH = -log(0.040) = 1.40
Strong Bases
base.
The relationship between the strength
of an acid and the strength of its
conjugate base is expressed by the
equation Ka x Kb = Kw
Using Kb to Calculate OH -
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb = = 1.8 x 10-5
[NH3]
Electronegativity
Acid strength increases as the
number of oxygen atoms attached
to the central atom increases.
Carboxylic Acids
Acids that contain carboxyl groups are
called carboxylic acids.
These form
the largest
category of
organic
acids.
Lewis Acids and Bases
The Lewis concept of acids emphasizes
the shared electron pair rather than the
proton.
A Lewis acid is an electron-pair
acceptor.
A Lewis base is an electron-pair donor.
This concept is more general than the
Brønsted-Lowery definition – it explains
why many hydrated metal cations can
form acidic aqueous solutions.
Acidity of Metal Cations
The acidity of a hydrated metal cation
depends on the cation charge and size.