1.

4 Inverse Functions

1
 One to one function and monotonic function

The relation between one to one function and monotonic function:

1. monotonic function (increasing functions/ decreasing functions),

are always one-to-one.

2. one-to-one function not necessarily monotonic function.

x f(x)
1 10
3 2
4 13
7 1

2
Rational function and Irrational functions

• There is no rigorous definition of irrational function.

• We can say that irrational function is the one that cannot
be written as the quotient of two polynomials (but this
definition is not used.).
• Customary, a function which include variables in the root
is called an irrational function.

Rational function:
Remark: In our class, there
is no irrational function’s
definition.
where P and Q are polynomials.
3
Inverse functions

4
Inverse functions

5
Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
The relation between exponential functions and logarithmic
functions:

Properties:

6
Example 1
Find the domain and range of the function :
y = f(x) = 2 ln(5 − x) + 1. What is its inverse function?

7
Example 2
Solve the following equations:

Solution:

8
Example 3
In a chemical reaction starting with of reactant,
the amount of product, say y , is given by the
following formula:

where t is the time, in minutes. Find the amount of product

produced after 2 min. How long will it take to produce 2
of the product?

Solution:

9
Example 3 -- Solution
To produce 2 , we set

10
Exercise 1

11
Exercise 1

12
Periodic functions

13
Periodic function
A function f(x) is periodic if there is a number T ≠ 0 such
that f(x+T) = f(x) for all x in the domain. The smallest such
T > 0, if it exists, is called the (fundamental) period of the
periodic function.

Note that the graph of a periodic function does not change,

if it is shifted to the left, or to the right, by a distance equal
to the period (or an integral multiple of the period).

14
Periodic function
In particular, any function f defined on the interval [a, b) can
be extended to a periodic function defined on the entire real
line: just keep shifting the graph by a distance of b − a.

15
Example 4
Given a function f(x) = x defined for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Extend f(x) to
the whole real line as an even periodic function of period 2.

Solution:

16
Example 5
Given a function

This function defined on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

Extend f(x) to the whole real line as an odd periodic
function of period 4.

Solution:

17
 Trigonometric Functions
and Their Inverse Functions

18
Radian measure of an angle
Radian measure of an angle:
If the coordinate point (1, 0) starts to travel along the unit
circle centered at the origin (0, 0) through a distance θ in
counterclockwise direction, the angle subtended by the
corresponding circular arc is said to be a positive angle with
radian measure θ. Angles obtained by clockwise rotations
are considered as negative angles.

19
Radian measure of an angle
Radian measure of an angle:
Recall that the length of a unit circle is 2π. Thus the radian measure of
a 360◦ angle is 2π, and −2π if the angle is −360◦.

In proportion, the degree measure and radian measure of an angle can

be converted to each other according to

20
Radian measure of an angle
Radian measure of an angle:

21
Radian measure of an angle
Since the length and area of a circle of radius r are 2πr and
… respectively, the arc length and area of a circular
section subtended by an angle θ in radians can be
determined according to the following proportion:

22
Radian measure of an angle

23
Radian measure of an angle

24
Trigonometric functions
When a point originally at (0, 1) moves along the unit circle
through an angle of θ radians, the coordinates of the
position (x, y) reached by the point depend on the value of
θ, i.e., they are functions of θ, which are denoted by:

25
Trigonometric functions

26
Trigonometric functions
As the point is moving along the circle, its coordinates are
oscillating between −1 and 1, and it is then easy to see the
shape of the graphs of x = sin θ and y = cos θ from the
geometry of the circle, as well as some basic properties of
these two functions.

27
Trigonometric functions
Since θ and 2π + θ give you the same point on the unit
circle, we have:

i.e., both functions are periodic with period 2π.

28
Trigonometric functions
Some function values of sin θ and cos θ can be found from
special triangles as given in the following table:

29
Trigonometric functions
Note that we have the following identities:

30
Trigonometric functions
Since the angles θ and −θ put two points on the unit circle
symmetric with respect to the x-axis, and θ + π gives a
point antipodal to that of θ, it is easy to see that

31
Trigonometric functions

32
Trigonometric functions
If (x, y) is a point on the circle of radius R, with equation
, we have by proportion that:

If the point is rotating around the circle with constant

angular velocity ω, then at time t, the x and y coordinates of
the point are given by:

33
Trigonometric functions
If the initial position of the point is the point (Rcosφ, Rsinφ)
instead of (R, 0), the coordinate functions of the particle are
given by

The rotation is counterclockwise if ω > 0, and clockwise if ω

< 0.

34
Trigonometric functions
These functions are periodic with period . They are often used in
describing certain periodic oscillation motion of a particle, namely,
simple harmonic motion. R is called the amplitude, the phase shift
and ωt + φ the phase or phase angle of the oscillation. The graphs of
these functions looks like:

35
Exercise 2
Sketch the graph of the function

36
Trigonometric functions
Four other trigonometric functions, namely, tan θ (tangent),
cot θ (cotangent), csc θ (cosecant), and sec θ (secant) are
defined by

37
Trigonometric functions

38
Trigonometric functions

39
Trigonometric functions

40
Trigonometric functions

41
Trigonometric functions

42
Trigonometric functions
All these formulas can be derived from one identity:

For example

43
Trigonometric functions
To derive

44