SmithMinton Calculus ET 5e C00 S04

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CHAPTER
Preliminaries
0
0.1 POLYNOMIALS AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
0.2 GRAPHING CALCULATORS AND COMPUTER
ALGEBRA SYSTEMS
0.3 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
0.4 TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
0.5 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
0.6 TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
Slide 2
TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE
0.4
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 4.1
A function f is periodic of period T if f (x + T ) = f (x)
for all x such that x and x + T are in the domain of f.
The smallest such number T > 0 is called the fundamental

period.
Slide 3
0.4
The Unit Circle, Sine and Cosine
Measure θ in radians, given by the length of the arc
indicated in the figure.
Define sin θ to be the y-coordinate
of the point on the circle and
cos θ to be the x-coordinate of the
point.
It follows that sin θ and cos θ are
defined for all values of θ, so that each has domain
−∞ < θ < ∞, while the range for each of these functions is
the interval [−1, 1].
Slide 4
0.4
REMARK 4.1
Unless otherwise noted, we always measure angles in

radians.
Slide 5
0.4
THEOREM 4.1
The functions f (θ) = sin θ and g(θ) = cos θ are
periodic, of period 2π.
Slide 6
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.1 Solving Equations Involving Sines and
Cosines
Find all solutions of the equations (a) 2 sin x − 1 = 0 and
(b) cos2 x − 3 cos x + 2 = 0.
Slide 7
0.4
Cosines
Solution
(a) 2 sin x − 1 = 0
Slide 8
0.4
Cosines
Solution
(b) cos2 x − 3 cos x + 2 = 0
Slide 9
0.4
DEFINITION 4.2
Slide 10
0.4
DEFINITION 4.2
Slide 11
0.4
DEFINITION 4.2
Slide 12
0.4
DEFINITION 4.2
Slide 13
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.2 Altering Amplitude and Period
Graph y = 2 sin x and y = sin 2x, and describe how each
differs from the graph of y = sin x.
Slide 14
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.2 Altering Amplitude and Period
Solution
Slide 15
0.4
Amplitude and Frequency
𝐴 sin 𝑐𝑡
A is the amplitude
f is the frequency:
p is the period: p = 1/f
Slide 16
0.4
THEOREM 4.2
Slide 17
0.4
Inverse Sine Function
Notice from the graph that we
cannot define an inverse to
f (x) = sin x, since sin x is not
one-to-one. (It fails the
horizontal line test.)
Slide 18
0.4
Inverse Sine Function
We remedy this by restricting
the domain to the interval
[−π/2, π/2].
Note carefully the restricted domain [−π/2, , π/2]. It might

be tempting to write sin−1(sin π) = π, but this is incorrect,
as sin−1(sin π) = sin−1(0) = 0.
Slide 19
0.4
REMARK 4.4
Mathematicians often use the notation arcsin x in place

of sin−1 x.
People will read sin−1 x interchangeably as “inverse sine

of x” or “arcsine of x.”
Slide 20
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.5 Evaluating the Inverse Sine Function
Slide 21
0.4
Solution
Slide 22
0.4
Solution
Slide 23
0.4
Graph of y = sin-1 x
We can draw a graph of y = sin−1 x simply by reflecting
the graph of y = sin x on the interval [−π/2, π/2] through
the line y = x.
Slide 24
0.4
Inverse Cosine Function
To make the cosine function

one-to-one, restrict its
domain to the interval [0, π].
Consequently, we define the

inverse cosine function by
Slide 25
0.4
Inverse Cosine Function
Note that
Slide 26
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.6 Evaluating the Inverse Cosine Function
Slide 27
0.4
Solution
(a) You will need to find that angle θ in [0, π] for which
cos θ = 0.
It’s not hard to see that cos−1(0) = π/2.
Note that if you calculate this on your calculator and get

90, your calculator is in degrees mode, in which case, you
should change it to radians mode.
Slide 28
0.4
Solution
Slide 29
0.4
Graph of y = cos-1 x
We obtain the graph of y = cos–1 x by reflecting the graph
of y = cos x on the interval [0, π] through the line y = x.
Slide 30
0.4
Inverse Tangent Function
We define the inverse tangent function by
Slide 31
0.4
Inverse Tangent Function
Slide 32
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.7 Evaluating an Inverse Tangent
Evaluate tan−1(1).
Slide 33
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.7 Evaluating an Inverse Tangent
Solution
You must look for the angle θ on the interval [−π/2, π/2]
for which tan θ = 1.
This is easy enough. Since tan π/4 = 1 and

π/4 ∈ [−π/2, π/2], we have that tan−1(1) = π/4.
Slide 34
0.4
Inverse Secant Function
There are several reasonable ways in which to suitably
restrict the domain of y = sec x to get an inverse function,
and different authors restrict the domain differently.
We have (arbitrarily) chosen to restrict the domain of

y = sec x to be [0, π/2) ∪ ( π/2 , π].
Slide 35
0.4
Inverse Secant Function
Slide 36
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.8 Evaluating an Inverse Secant
Slide 37
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.8 Evaluating an Inverse Secant
Solution
Slide 38
0.4
Evaluating sec x and sec-1 x on a Calculator
Calculators do not usually have built-in functions for sec x
or sec−1 x.
To compute values of these, you must convert the desired

secant value to a cosine value or use the inverse cosine
function.
Slide 39
0.4
REMARK 4.5
We can likewise define inverses for cot x and csc x.
As these functions are used only infrequently, we will

omit them here and examine them in the exercises.
Slide 40
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.9 Finding the Height of a Tower
A person 100 m from the base of a

radio tower measures an angle of
60o from the ground to the top of
the tower.
(a) Find the height of the tower.
(b) What angle is measured if the
person is 200 m from the base?
Slide 41
0.4
Solution (a)
Using the similar triangles:
Slide 42
0.4
Solution (b)
Using similar triangles:
Since 0 < θ < π/2, we have
Slide 43
0.4
EXAMPLE 4.10 Simplifying Expressions Involving Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
Simplify sin(cos−1 x) and tan(cos−1 x).
Slide 44
0.4
Solution
By the Pythagorean Theorem:
(What, if anything, in the

figure changes if x < 0?)
Slide 45
0.4
Solution
Note that this identity is valid,

regardless of whether
x = cos θ is positive or
negative.
Slide 46

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© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The smallest such number T > 0 is called the fundamental

Unless otherwise noted, we always measure angles in

Note carefully the restricted domain [−π/2, , π/2]. It might

Mathematicians often use the notation arcsin x in place

People will read sin−1 x interchangeably as “inverse sine

To make the cosine function

Consequently, we define the

It’s not hard to see that cos−1(0) = π/2.

Note that if you calculate this on your calculator and get

This is easy enough. Since tan π/4 = 1 and

We have (arbitrarily) chosen to restrict the domain of

To compute values of these, you must convert the desired

As these functions are used only infrequently, we will

A person 100 m from the base of a

Using the similar triangles:

Since 0 < θ < π/2, we have

Simplify sin(cos−1 x) and tan(cos−1 x).

(What, if anything, in the

Note that this identity is valid,

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