Lesson 3.3.

Graphs of Circular
Functions and Situational
Problems
 3.3.1. Graphs of Circular Functions
 Graph of the Sine Function
y = sin x
.
x 0
sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
A single cycle is called a period.
y
Amplitude : 1
y = sin x

x-intercepts at nπ
where n an integer period: 2π
2
 Graph of the Cosine Function
y = cos x
.
x 0
cos x 1 0 -1 0 1
Amplitude
y
:1 y = cos x

x-intercepts at nπ/2
where n an odd period: 2π
integer
3
 Graph of the Tangent Function
y = tan x
.
x 0
tan x 0 ∞ 0 ∞y 0

4
period:
 Graph of the Cotangent Function
y = cot x
.
x 0
cot x ∞ 0 ∞ 0 ∞
y

5
 Graph of the Secant Function
y = sec x
.
x 0
cot x ∞ 1 ∞ -1 ∞

6 period: 2π
 Graph of the Cosecant Function
y = csc x
.
x 0
csc x 1 ∞ -1 ∞ 1

period: 2π
7
 PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
  y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x

Domain x⋲R x∈R x ∈ R except

nπ/2 where n
an odd integer

Range -1< y < 1 -1< y < 1 y∈ R

Period 2π 2π π
Amplitude 1 1 none
x-intercepts nπ where n an nπ/2 where n nπ where n an
(zeros) integer an odd integer integer
   y = cotOF
PROPERTIES x THE
y =CIRCULAR
csc x y = sec x
FUNCTIONS
Domain x∈R x∈R x ∈ R except nπ/2 where n
except nπ except nπ an odd integer
where n an where n an
integer integer

Range y∈ R y ≤ −1 or y ≤ −1 or  y ≥ 1
 y ≥ 1
Period π 2π 2π
Amplitude none none none

x-intercepts nπ/2 none none

(zeros) where n
an odd
integer
 3.3.2. Graphs of y = a sin (bx+c)
and y = a cos (bx+c)
Steps
1. Determine the amplitude. The amplitude is
given by which indicates the height of the graph.
2. Determine the period m of the function. The
period is given by m = is equal to the length of
one complete cycle.
3. Divide the period into four equal parts.
4. Construct the table of values.
5. Plot the points then connect to sketch the graph.
Example 3.1 Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin x .
Amplitude =│a│=|2|=2 Period: m == = 2π
Divide the period into four equal parts:

= = =
x 0 π/2 Domain:
π 3π/2 x 2π∈ R

y 0 2 Range:
0 -2 [ - 02, 2] or
-2 < y < 2
Zeros: where n is
an integer
 PHASE SHIFT
The basic curve y = sin x may shift
horizontally. The amount of shifting either
to the left or to the right is known as the
phase shift. The phase shift of the sine
function is given by . If > 0, then move the
curve y = sin x of to the left by units. If <
0 then move the curve of y = sin x to the
right by units.
Example 3.2 Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin (x +π).
Amplitude =│a│=|2|=2 Period: m == = 2π
Divide the period into four equal parts:

=
The phase shift is . Since π > 0, we move the basic
curve units to the left. Thus,
Graphs of y = 2 sin x
x - 0 π/2y =π2 3π/2sin (x +π).
y. . 2 0 -2 0 2
Example 3.3 Sketch the graph of y = cos x and
For y = cos x
Amplitude =│a│=|1|=1 Period: m == = 2π
Divide the period into four equal parts:

Graphs of y = cos x
= = =
..
x 0 π/2 π 3π/ 2π
2
y 1 0 -1 0 1
For y = - (x - )
Amplitude =│a│=|-1/2|=1/2 Period: m == = 2π
Divide the period into four equal parts:

=
The phase shift is . Since π > 0, we move the basic
curve units to the left. Thus,
Graphs of y = 2 sin x
x - 0 π/2y =π2 3π/2sin (x +π).
y. . 2 0 -2 0 2
 3.3.3. Solve Situational Problems
Involving Circular Functions
Finding Arc Length
A circle has radius 18.2 cm. Find the length of
the arc intercepted by a central angle having the
measure of .
Given: r = 18.2,
 Area of a Sector
The area of a sector of a circle of radius r and
central angle  is given by , where θ in
radians.
Find the area of a sector with radius 12.7 cm and
angle  = 45.
Given:
r = 12.7 cm
 = 45 = = ≈ 63.34
A=?