Petro-physical Models

Presenter:
Shaheer Khalid
Trainee Geologist
 Well Introduction
• Rehman Field is a north south trending subsurface anticlinal structure
bounded by sealing faults in east and west.
• Rehman-4(Development well) was spud on 14th Nov,2017, inside Nari/Gaj
Formation and reached to total depth of 2770m MD BRT, 39 m MD inside
Mughalkot Formation on 14th Jan, 2018.
• Rehman-4 well purposed well location is 2 Km north of Rehman-2 well.
• Primary Reservoir is Pab s.stone reservoir and Tertiary reservoir is Ranikot
Fm.
• Seal is provided by shales of Khadro/Ranikot Fm.
• Source rock is Goru/Sembar Fm.
 Petrophysics
• By their definition, petro-physics is the study of the physical and chemical properties of rocks and
their contained fluids.

Objective:
• Identify and quantify hydrocarbons resources in the subsurface and evaluate fluid and rock
properties.
 Conventional Petro-physical Properties
• Lithology: A description of the rock's physical characteristics, such as grain size, composition and texture.
By studying the lithology of local geological outcrops and core samples, geoscientists can use a
combination of log measurements, such as natural gamma, neutron, density and resistivity, to determine
the lithology down the well.
• Porosity: The percentage of a given volume of a rock that is pore space and therefore contain fluids;
symbolized as Ø. This is typically calculated using data from an instrument that measures the reaction of
the rock to bombardment by neutrons or by gamma rays but can also be derived
from sonic and NMR logging.
• Water Saturation: The fraction of pore space occupied by water. This is typically calculated using data
from an instrument that measures the resistivity of the rock and is known by the symbol Sw.
• Permeability: The quantity of fluid (usually hydrocarbon) that can flow through a rock as a function of
time and pressure, related to how interconnected the pores are. Formation testing is so far the only tool
that can directly measure a rock formation's permeability down a well. In case of its absence, which is
common in most cases, an estimate for permeability can be derived from empirical relationships
with other measurements such as porosity, NMR and sonic logging.
 Petrophysical Interpretation
• Manual
• CPI CPI

 As the name suggests Manual Interpretation

is interpretation of Logs manually.

 The computer processed log interpretation Deterministic Probabilistic

allows analyzing and evaluating numerous
types of logs with ease and presenting the
results as functions of depth in graphical
forms for visualization.
Multi-
2 mineral minerals
More than 2
 General Overview
• Oil and gas industry uses both Deterministic and Probabilistic model
for their petrophysical interpretation.
• Both models have pros and cons.
• Output of both models are same but the way of processing is
different.
• Oil and Gas industry use different programs but all programs try to
determine fundamental reservoir properties which are the lith
• Program that has been used for petrophysical interpretation is VGS
(Vizdom Geoscience Suite)
 Deterministic Model
Deterministic (from determinism, which means lack of free will) is the opposite of random. 
A Deterministic Model allows you to calculate a future event exactly, without the involvement of
randomness. If something is deterministic, you have all of the data necessary to predict
(determine) the outcome with certainty. 
Pros
Deterministic models have the benefit of simplicity. They rely on single assumptions about reservoir parameters and constants.
Deterministic is easier to understand and hence may be more appropriate for some cases.

Cons
Interpretations that use deterministic or over-simplistic stochastic projections are flawed when making planning decisions in complex reservoirs
because they are unable to consider uncertainties , variety of tools variables that will affect the plan over time.
Generally Deterministic Methods of Vclay/PHI/Vmin tend to overestimate the Volumes because they are unable to take into account uncertainties
and reservoir heterogeneity.
• Typically used when data density is greatwer. This model yield
a single estimated result. This is most reliable and authentic
model.
• This method involve 2 mineral estimation.
• In this model user is much confident on his interpretation.
 Probabilistic Model
Stochastic
Having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not
be predicted precisely.
A Stochastic Model has the capacity to handle uncertainties in the inputs applied. Stochastic
models possess some inherent randomness - the same set of parameter values and initial
conditions will lead to an ensemble of different outputs.
Stochastic Models - the Pros and Cons
Stochastic Models take into account the Tool Parameters, Reservoir Parameters, Log inputs and
historical data to interpret the pertrophysical parameters. A Stochastic model will not produce
one determined outcome, but a range of possible outcomes, this is particularly useful when
predicting multiminerals along with porosity and saturations. General rule of thumb in stochastic
model is that the number of unkonws should be same as that of knowns. In case of less known
parameters the solutions will be undermined.
 
Pros
Stochastic models can reflect real scenarios that provide a range of possible outcomes.
By running thousands of calculations, using many different estimates, stochastic models predict a
range of possible solutions.
A stochastic model also has the ability to avoid the significant shortfalls inherent in deterministic
models, which gives it the edge. 
 
Cons
Interpreting the Multiminerals requires the ability to model realistical petrophysical parameters
instead of synthetic .
• This model is used in conditions where sparse data is present. This model produce a possible
result and can be used to produce multiple equally probable realizations.
• This model is less reliable than deterministic model.
• This method involves more than 2 minerals (multi-mineral) estimation.
• In this model chances of ambiguity are greater.