GREEN LNMIIT

REVOLUTI
The LNM Institute Of
Information Technology

ON
IN
PUNJAB!

Is this growth even SUSTAINABLE ?

 GROUP 6 MEMBERS!
• Ayush Chechani (21UCS045)
• Ayush Joshi (21UCS046)
• Ayush Mathpal (21UCS047)
• Chahat Singla (21UCS048)
• Chandandeep Singh (21UCS049)
• Chirag Bhayana (21UCS050)
• Chirag Birla (21UCS051)

“Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much” ― Helen Keller.

Introduction to
Punjab
A glimpse into the food basket of India
 The "green revolution" began in Punjab in 1965, with the
introduction of new high-yield varieties of wheat and rice in
the Ludhiana district, through the Punjab Agricultural
University. Opinion differs about when, or whether, it ended.
This paper describes the main outlines of the revolution in one
village between 1965 and 1978.

Why Punjab?

Most of the scholars agree that the

implementation of land-consolidation under the
watch of the chief minister Pratap Singh
Kairon and Giani Kartar Singh, a minister in
Kairon's cabinet in 1963, were the primary
causes of this spark that kindled the flame of
the Green Revolution.
 Rainfall received by Punjab

The state of Punjab lies in the north west part

of India. In summers, the region gets heavy
rainfall due to the south western monsoon
winds. In winters, the state of Punjab gets
rainfall due to Western Depression.
On this page, we will provide data about the
average rainfall in Punjab and also the district
wise annual rainfall in Punjab.
The five year annual average rainfall in
Punjab was 535.0 mm (53.5 cm) during the
years 2015 to 2019. It was recorded as 437.6
mm during the five year period of 2006-2010. 
 What is Green Revolution?
The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution is the set of research technology
transfer initiatives occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural
production in parts of the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s. The initiatives resulted
in the adoption of new technologies, including high yielding varieties(HYVs) of cereals,
especially dwarf wheat and rice. It was associated with chemical fertilizers , agrochemicals , and
controlled water-supply (usually involved in irrigation ) and newer methods of cultivation, including
mechanization. All of these together were seen as a 'package of practices' to supersede 'traditional'
technology and to be adopted as a whole. The key elements of the revolution include:
1) Use of the latest technological and capital inputs,
2) adoption of modern scientific methods of farming,
3) use of high yielding varieties of seeds,
4) proper use of chemical fertilizers,
5) consolidation of land holdings,
6) Use of various mechanical machineries.
 Father Of Green Revolution

M.S. Swaminathan (born 7 August 1925) is an Indian agronomist, agricultural scientist, plant
geneticist, administrator and humanitarian. Swaminathan is a global leader of the green revolution. He
has been called the main architect of the green revolution in India for his leadership and role in
introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. Swaminathan's
collaborative scientific efforts with Norman Borlaug, spearheading a mass movement with farmers and
other scientists and backed by public policies, saved India and Pakistan from certain famine-like
conditions in the 1960s. His leadership as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) in the Philippines was instrumental in his being awarded the first World Food Prize in 1987,
recognized as the Nobel or the highest honours in the field of agriculture United Nations Environment
Programme has called him 'the Father of Economic Ecology’.
Swaminathan contributed basic research related to potato, wheat and rice, in areas such as
cytogenetics, ionizing radiation and radiosensitivity.
In 1999, he was one of three Indians, along with Gandhi and Tagore, on TIME magazines' list of the
'20 Most Influential Asian People of the 20th Century’.
 Initiation In India!

In India Green Revolution commenced in the early 1960s that led to an increase in food grain
production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this undertaking
were the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat. The Green revolution is revolutionary in
character due to the introduction of new technology, new ideas, the new application of inputs like HYV
seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water, pesticides, etc. As all these were brought suddenly and spread
quickly to attain dramatic results thus it is termed as a revolution in green agriculture.

A record grain output in 1978-79 around 131 million tons occurred due to the Green Revolution.
Hence, it made India as one of the world’s biggest agricultural producer. In India Green Revolution
recorded a high level of success. India also became an exporter of food grains around that time.
NEED OF GREEN
REVOLUTION
BACKGROUND & HISTORY
 Sufficiency To Dependency
The situation in terms of fulfilling nutritional needs of Indians was worse before
the green revolution in India, with grain supply in the British colonial period
being dependent on British trade and high trade prices leading to affordability
issues for Indian people in accessing food.
 MID 60’S CRISIS
• India in the 1960s was hugely dependent on US food aid(PL 480).
Even in the bumper monsoon year of 1964-65, food aid totalled 7
million tonnes, over one-tenth of domestic production. Then India
was hit by twin droughts in 1965 and 1966. Grain production crashed
by one-fifth.
 Matching Industry Standards
The green revolution led to high productivity of crops through adapted measures,
such as:
(1) Increased area under farming
(2) Double-cropping, which includes planting two crops rather than one, annually
(3) Adoption of HYV of seeds
(4) Highly increased use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides
(5) Improved irrigation facilities
(6) Improved farm implements and crop protection measures and modifications in
farm equipment.
 WHY ONLY PUNJAB
Best Irrigational Facilities
• The Bhakra-Nangal project was completed in 1963 ,but Sutlej water from
Bhakra was available for use in southern Punjab districts as early as in 1957.
• Around the time Norman Borlaug led the way in bringing the new dwarf, input
responsive Mexican wheat to India in the mid-1960s, Punjab was perhaps the
only state in the country that was in a position to take advantage.
Land Consolidation
• The implementation of land-consolidation under the watch of the then chief
minister Pratap Singh Kairon and Giani Kartar Singh, a minister
in Kairon’s cabinet, proved to be vital for Green Revolution in Punjab.  
 Before and After
Green Revolution
• The Green Revolution in India was initiated in
the 1960s by intrigh-yielding varieties of rice
and wheat to increase food production in order
to alleviate hunger and poverty. Post-Green
Revolution, the production of wheat and rice
doubled due to initiatives of the government.
• The measures initiated by the government
increased the production of rice, wheat,
pulses, and other crops leading to the self-
sufficiency of food in the country. But it also
destroyed the diversified gene pool available.
The productivity of the crops was increased by
the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and
groundwater resources.
Condition before Green Revolution
• Before the green revolution india is not
able to Produce enough crop to feed its
growing population.
• Old methods of farming are used and
there is hardly any mechanisation of
indian agriculture.
• Farmers find it very difficult to Finances
and credit at economic rates from banks.
• Due to traditional agriculture
practice ,low productivity and growing
population ,often growth Food crops
imported.
Condition after Green Revolution
• The green revolution led to high productivity of crops through
adapted measures, such as
• (1) increased area under farming,
• (2) double-cropping, which includes planting two crops rather
than one, annually,
• (3) adoption of HYV of seeds,
• (4) highly increased use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides,
• (5) improved irrigation facilities,
• (6) improved farm implements and crop protection measures.
How green revolution
became SUCCESS?

Basic techniques
taken to make
this revolution
possible are as
follows:
 HYV seeds:

• The main development was higher-yielding

varieties of wheat for developing rust resistant
strains of wheat. The introduction of high-
yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds and the
improved quality
of fertilizers and irrigation techniques led to the
increase in the production to make the country
self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving
agriculture in india. Also, other varieties such as
Kalyan Sona and Sonalika were introduced by
cross breeding of wheat with other crops. The
methods adopted included the use of high-
yielding variety (HYVs) of seeds with modern
farming methods.
 Irrigation

•When it came down to one of the

most important techniques
developed and utilized during the
Green Revolution, the improvements
in irrigation became vital especially in
places where there were often
droughts and where water was used
inefficiently. Moreover, older
methods of irrigation were actually
found to have been contributory
factors to droughts.

•In that sense, one of the more

advanced irrigation techniques
introduced during the Green
Revolution was a method where
water was allowed to slowly drip into
the roots of the plants to make the
use of water more efficient.
Sprinklers were also some of the
more advanced and efficient
methods of irrigation introduced
during that time.
Fertilizers
•In the past, agricultural sectors were
much more concerned with the use of
natural fertilizers as scientific
advancements were still far off from
producing synthetic fertilizers that were
quicker, cheaper, and much more
effective than natural variants. Switching
to synthetic fertilizers was one of the
main goals of the Green Revolution as
doing so would allow crops and grains
to grow faster and larger.

•Due to the advancements in science

during the Green Revolution, it became
possible for synthetic and chemical-
based fertilizers to be produced on a
widescale basis as more and more
manufacturing plants that produced
these fertilizers sprung up, which only
contributed to the growth of agriculture
during that era.
 Genetically
modified crops

•Advancements in the understanding

of genetics as well as different
studies and research involving the
genetic makeup of different crops
have allowed scientists and
researchers during the Green
Revolution to come up with different
methods and techniques that
allowed them to improve certain
crops and grains.

•Seeds and varieties of crops were

improved thanks to how they were
specifically modified and bred to be
better versions of certain crops such
that they were more resilient to pests
and diseases and were able to
produce greater yields.
 WAIT!!!
Is this kind of growth
really
SUSTAINAB
LE? “All that glitters is not GOLD!”
 Major Downfalls of Green Revolution!
• Environmental Impact: The various types of pesticides, herbicides and
fertilizers used for the production of more food provides the ability to lead to
high levels of soil pollution and erosion.
• Socio-Political Impact: Green Revolution led to rural divide and inequality
among different segments of farmers fraternity and has also become a major
political issue.
• Ecological Impact: The excessive exploitation of natural resources has to imbalance
in water levels and have altered the nature of soil as well.
• Impact on Farmer’s Health : It has been discovered that due to constant
exposure of chemicals, they are more prone to several kinds of serious
diseases such as cancer, skin issues, respiratory disorders etc.
 Environmental Impacts!
• Indiscriminate killing of useful insects, microorganisms and
predators that naturally check excess crop damage by insect
pests
• Excessive use of natural resources and fossil fuels have led to
their immense decrement in their levels.
• It has caused direct harm to environment in many ways such as
sprays and fertilizers have led to change in nature and salinity
of soil, aerosols have led to suspension of toxic pollutants in
the air, pollution from synthetic pesticides and insecticides
• One of the drastic environmental issue that Punjab specifically
faces is of contamination of ground water reserves that has led
to serious health and socio-economical impacts not only on
the lives of farmers but also residents.
• It has also altered the climatic conditions and water cycle due
to unnatural and toxic monoculture practices.
 Groundwater Misuse!
It is the fake water system framework which is a central point behind the
accomplishment of Green Revolution in Punjab. Around 77 percent region of
Punjab is confronting the issue of falling water table. To meet the current degree of
crop creation, the interest in water surpasses its stockpile from various sources. The
abundance request is met through the over-abuse of groundwater, because of which
groundwater table is progressively going down18. The diminutive person
assortments of wheat and rice need a lot higher water system in contrast with the
desi verities. Because of the unreasonable misuse of groundwater, the degree of
groundwater in Punjab is exhausting pointedly. The groundwater in Punjab is being
overdrawn to such a degree, that water table has tumbled to the levels that make
siphoning troublesome and excessively exorbitant. Little ranchers with little assets
are frequently uncertain for water right and generally influenced.
 Socio-Political Impacts!
A major change in the political structure of Punjab came after the
coming of the Green Revolution. Farmers started dominating in the
political scene and farming techniques became a major political issue
for parties to discuss and debate on! Spread of education among the
peasantry was another contributory factor. It created social awareness
and enhanced greater participation in the political process. New
machinery replaced manual labour leading to unemployment and rural
urban migration.
HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO GREEN
REVOLUTION IN PUNJAB!
EXCESSIVE USE OF PESTICIDES AND ITS
IMPACT ON HEALTH IN PUNJAB!

The comparison of patterns of pesticide

consumption (in Metric Tonnes) of various
states clearly indicates that the consumption of
pesticides in Punjab increased almost twofold
from 1975 to 2005.

Some of the well-known health effects of pesticide exposure

include acute poisoning, cancer, neurological effects,
reproductive and developmental harm

Pesticides are not only a risk factor for several types of

cancers but are known to cause genetic changes, effects
foetus, causes infertility, etc.
The various studies which have been conducted in Punjab to
monitor the presence of pesticide residues in food chain and
environment
 EXCESSIVE USE OF FERTILISERS
The greatest risk of nitrate poisoning occurs in infants fed with
well water contaminated with nitrates, and affects particularly
babies who are four months old or younger.
Blue baby syndrome occurs when the haemoglobin in the blood
loses its capacity to carry oxygen, and this can ultimately cause
asphyxia and death. This occurs because nitrites (resulting from
reduction of nitrate in the anaerobic conditions of the digestive
tract) block haemoglobin in the blood

Drinking water from the wells contaminated with nitrates or

eating food similarly affected has a potential role in developing
cancers of the digestive tract, and has also been associated with
other types of cancer including non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
bladder and ovarian cancers
On the basis of data collected from the various secondary
sources it can be concluded that green revolution in Punjab not
only led to environmental damage in the form of water
contamination or decreased fertility of soil ,contamination of
vegetables contamination of food crops ,contamination of
human milk contamination of eggs ,
but also led to dangerous health outcomes like
• cancer
• premature greying of hair
• reproductive health problems including infertility
• DNA damage
• joint pains
• asthma
• skin diseases
Thus, the success of agricultural development under the name
of green revolution is still debatable.