Spatial Database and types of

Spatial Data

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Spatial Data:
Spatial data is any type of data that directly or indirectly references a specific geographical
area or location. Sometimes called geospatial data or geographic information, spatial data
can also numerically represent a physical object in a geographic coordinate system.
However, spatial data is much more than a spatial component of a map.

Users can save spatial data in a variety of different formats, as it can also contain more
 than location-specific data. Analyzing this data provides a better understanding of how
each variable impacts individuals, communities, populations, etc.

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 There are several spatial data types such as:

1) Geometric data
2) Geographic data
3) Georeferencing and Geocoding
4) Vector
5) Raster

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 Geometric Data:
Geometric data is a spatial data type that is mapped on a two-
dimensional flat surface. An example is the geometric data in
floor plans. Google Maps is an application that uses geometric
data to provide accurate direction. In fact, it is one of the
simplest examples of spatial data in action.

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 An illustration of the geometric data structures used for the front
tracking method in three dimensions.

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 Geographic Data:
Geographic data is information mapped around a sphere. Most
often, the sphere is planet earth. Geographic data highlights the
latitude and longitude relationships to a specific object or
location. A familiar example of geographic data is a 
global positioning system.

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 An illustration of Geographic data.

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 Georeferencing and Geocoding:
Georeferencing and Geocoding, are important aspects of 
geospatial analysis.  Both geocoding and georeferencing involve fitting
data into the real world by using appropriate coordinates, but that is
where the similarity ends.

Georeferencing concentrates on assigning data coordinates to vectors or 

rasters. This approach helps accurately model the planet's surface.

Geocoding, on the other hand, provides address and location descriptors.

These can include information about cities, states, countries, and so on.
Each exact coordinate references a specific location on the earth's
surface.

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 An illustration of Georeferencing of Spatial Data.

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 An illustration of Geocoding of spatial data

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 Vector:
Vectors are graphical representations of the real world. There
are three main types of vector data: points, lines and polygons.
The points help create lines, and the connecting lines form
enclosed areas or polygons. Vectors often represent the
generalization of features or objects on the planet's surface.
Vector data is usually stored in shapefiles, sometimes referred to
as .shp files.

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 Raster:
Raster represents information presented in a pixel grid. Each pixel
stored within a raster has value. This can be anything from a unit of
measurement, color or information about a specific element.
Typically, raster refers to imagery, but in spatial analysis it 
frequently refers to an orthoimage or the photos taken from 
aerial devices or satellites. 

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 An illustration of Point, Line and Polygon features of Vectors and
Raster.

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 Conclusion:
Spatial data science concentrates on extracting deeper insights from data
by leveraging a comprehensive set of spatial algorithms and analytical
methods. These include using machine learning and deep learning to
identify hidden patterns within the data. This approach helps improve
predictive models. 

Spatial data may also include attributes that provide more information
about the entity it represents. This helps users understand where things
happen and why they happen there. For example, geographic information
systems (GIS) and other specialized software applications help access,
visualize, manipulate and engage in spatial analysis.

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 THANK
YOU !
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