LECTURE 1

Ahad Hasan Tanim

Research Lecturer
Center for River, Harbor and Landslide Research (CRHLSR)

Learning objectives
1. Fundamentals of GIS and its application
2. Creating vector data (point file)
3. Geo-referencing a map

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GIS
 A geographic information system (GIS) lets us visualize,
analyze, and interpret data to understand relationships,
patterns, and trends.
 A set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will,
transforming and displaying spatial data for a particular set of
purposes.

Applications:
1. Map making
2. Information storage
3. Spatial relationships
4. Temporal data gathering
5. Change detection: Spatial Unit change per unit time
change
etc.
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ArcMap: the interface for geographic data analysis, querying, layout and export.
ArcCatalog: interface for geographic data management
ArcToolbox: a suite of tools, available from both ArcMap and ArcCatalog for
analysing

ArcToolbox ArcCatalog

Table of contents: the sets of layers used in ArcGIS

Two types of data used
 Vector (points, lines, polygons)
 Raster (a grid of pixels)

2
Open XL file name “Road_Jn”
Right click on Sheet1$ > Display XY data

Select coordinate system>

Geographic coordinate
system> WGS 1984
Coordinate system/ spatial reference
defines the origin point, coordinate space and geoid for datasets
spatial data
a) Datum – the origin point of the coordinate systems and
information required to accurately define a origin, like a surface
model
b) Geographic coordinate system- A coordinate system that
specifies latitudes and longitudes as coordinates
c) Projected coordinate system- Projects/transforms coordinates
to a new coordinate system

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Export the table as point shpfile
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After saving as
point shpfile
1. Add data
2. Choose the
directory
3. Add to work
with the file
Changing coordinate system
Go to search bar
search “Project”
Alternatively data management tool> projections and transformations>
feature> project
Select projected coordinate systems> UTM> WGS 1984 46N

Now reopen the file > Rd_jn_utm

See the coordinate in lower left panels to get change
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Geo-referencing
Geo-referencing is the process of spatially adjusting coordinate system
of a map without actually changing the original source data.

Applications:
1) Hydrographic charts
2) Drone imagery
3) Ancient map etc.

Requirements
1) An image (cuet_Map)
2) Reference coordinates at several points (Geo-Cordinate.xlsx)

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1. Open the image in add data option
2. Open the excel file
3. Load geo-referencing tool
 There are 4 GPS measured latitude and longitude, labeled
respectively 01, 02, 03, 04

Click the option

Put the cross

bar exactly at
center

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 Repeat the process for 4 points-02,03,04

Click on Geo-referencing> Update referencing

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The image get no coordinates systems defined yet
We have to define projection.
Search “ Define projection”
Select coordinate system Geographic coordinate system> GCS_WGS_1984
Then we have to project the raster
Search Project raster
Projected Coordinate system
Select WGS_1984_Zone_46N
Open a new file
Load the georeferenced image and 7add the basemap from
imagery. Final output should be:
Creating polygon