Presentation -1

Department of EEE
IIT Guwahati

Under the guidance of Dr. Tanmay Dutta

08/09/2022 1
Origin of Magnetism

a) Orbital motion around the nucleus

b) Spin of electron

Fig-1 (Adapted from 20.1 D. Callister)

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Terminology
• Magnetic field strength H = (A/m)

• B = μH + μM

• M= ꭕH

• Magnetic susceptibility ꭕ =
Fig -2 Magnetic flux density versus the
magnetic field strength for a ferromagnetic
material. Fig-1 (Adapted from 20.7 D. Callister)

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Magnetic Susceptibility (ꭕ) and Permeability (μ)

Relation: ꭕ = μr -1

 Diamagnetic : μr < 1 (eg. Bismuth)

 Paramagnetic : μr > 1 (eg. platinum)

 Ferromagnetic μr > 105 (eg. Iron)

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Types of Magnetism Susceptibility Example

Diamagnetism -10-5 Cu, Ag, Si, Zn

Al, Ti, Na
Para magnetism 10-5 to 10-2
Types

103 to 105 Fe, Co, Ni, Gd

Ferro magnetism

Anti- 0-0.1 MnO, FeO, NiO

ferromagnetism
104 Fe3O4
Ferri magnetism
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 Fig-3 Different properties of magnetism in absence and in presence of applied magnetic field
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 Anisotropy Energy

Fig-4 Magnetization curves for single crystals of iron and nickel with the magnetic field applied in each of
[100], [110], and [111] crystallographic directions.
[Adapted from K. Honda and S. Kaya, “On the Magnetisation of Single Crystals of Iron,” Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., 15, 721 (1926); and from S.
Kaya, “On the Magnetisation of Single Crystals of Nickel,”Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., 17, 639 (1928).]
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Exchange energy
• The phenomenon whereby individual atomic magnetic moments will attempt to align all other
atomic magnetic moments.

J >0, ferromagnetic coupling

J <0, antiferromagnetic coupling

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Domain wall assumption
Fig-5 The gradual change in magnetic dipole orientation across a
domain wall. (From W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, and D. R.
Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd edition. Copyright ©
1976 by John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
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Fig -6 The B-versus-H behavior for a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic
material that was initially unmagnetized. (Adapted from O. H. Wyatt and D.
Dew-Hughes, Metals, Ceramics and Polymers, Cambridge University Press,
1974.)
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Spin Orbital Interaction
• (type 1: weak SO) SO interaction induced by an external electrical field
• (type 2: strong SO) Enhancement of an external magnetic field

• Htotal =Hext+HSO

08/09/2022 Fig-6 Strong SO interaction 10

Drude Model
 Describes the conductivity in metal.

 Analogous to particle in ideal gas

Fig-7 Scattering of electrons in crystal.

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 Thank you

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