08.12.

21 07:35

 HARD MAGNETIC
MATERIALS

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OUTLINE

 Definition of magnetic materials

 Classification of magnetic materials
 Hard magnetic materials

 Magnet steels

 Alnico alloys

 Ferrites

 Rare earth alloys

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WHAT IS MAGNETIC MATERIAL

(MAGNET)

 A magnet is a material or object that produces a

magnetic field.

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WHAT IS MAGNETIC MATERIAL

(MAGNET)

 This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for

the most notable property of a magnet: a force that
pulls on other ferromagnetic materials like iron and
attracts or repels other magnets.

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WHAT IS MAGNETIC MATERIAL

( MAGNET )
 Magnetic materials are formed by collecting a large
number of atoms that display this inherent
magnetism.
A bulk piece of a magnetic material
Replace the bar magnets with
dipole vectors

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WHAT IS MAGNETIC MATERIAL (

MAGNET )

Domain - groups of aligned magnetic fields in elements

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CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS

Magnetic materials can be classified as:

Soft Magnetic materials

Hard Magnetic materials

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CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETS
Hard Magnet
(“magnet”, “permanent magnet”)

Soft Magnet

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HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS

 When a bulk hard magnetic material is for the first time

exposed to a magnetic field its initially randomly
magnetized domains grow and the domain moments are
rotated to be aligned with the applied external field at the
saturation magnetization.

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HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS

 Once that external field is gone the magnetization is

partially reverted but does not follow the
magnetization curve anymore.

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HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS

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First magnetizing and demagnetizing curve of a hard magnetic
material, load line and operating point P
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HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS

 The advantage of a permanent magnet rather than a

magnetized soft material is that a constant magnetic field is
generated without need of an external power source and no
heat is generated.

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HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS

The three most widely used materials for permanent

magnets are:

Alnico,an alloy series consisting primarily of the

elements Al, Ni and Co
Barium ferrite, which is a ceramic magnetic material.

Rare earth alloys.

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HARD MAGNETIC ALLOYS

 The phenomenon of permanent magnetism has been known

for more than a century. Until about the end of the nineteenth
century the only materials available for permanent magnets
apart from natural lodestone were hardened carbon steels

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MAGNET STEELS

 The first for permanent magnets made Fe alloys containing

besides carbon up to 6% W and Cr showed no revolutionary
improvement in the energy product.

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MAGNET STEELS

 The discovery of Co steels containing up to 40% of Co raised

the energy product and coersivity significantly.

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MAGNET STEELS

 The steel containing 35% of Co as well as Cr and W reached

a coercivity of as high as 250 Oe(oersted) and an energy
product of 950 kGOe (kilogaustoersted).

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DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNET STEELS

 The machining of steel containing high amounts of cobalt is more
difficult

 In the production of magnet steels, forged and hot pressed steel

is quenched then martensitic structure is formed. This brings
some disadvantages like:

 Undissolved carbides are often present.

 Martensite is a metastable phase in a state of high residual
stress.
 Easy demagnetization and the brittleness

 Because of these disadvantages, magnet steel is only used for 18

particular applications like hysteresis motors nowadays.
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ALNICO ALLOYS

 Alnico alloys is a family of permanent magnet alloys based on

the three ferromagnetic metals Fe, Co and Ni containing
smaller amounts of Al, Cu and other elements.

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ALNICO ALLOYS

 The first alloy containing 58% Fe, 30% Ni and 12% Al, was
discovered in the early 1930s in Japan.

 That alloy reached a coersivity of over 400 Oe and did not

contain any Co. The coersivity almost doubled in comparison
to the best steel magnets.

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ALNICO ALLOYS

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Compositions of selected alnico alloys (in historical order)

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ALNICO ALLOYS

 Isotropic Alnico contains about 12% of Co while field treated

anisotropic Alnico alloys contain 20 to 25% of Co. These
alloys reached moderate coercivities of 580 to 780 Oe and
were also called Alcomax.

 High coercivity alloys containing 30% and more Co were

called Hycomax.

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ALNICO ALLOYS
 Alnico alloys have a stick like structure.
 The material is separated in a Fe and FeCo rich strong magnetic
phase, called ’ precipitate, and a NiAl rich weak or non-magnetic
phase,  matrix.
 Both phases have a bcc structure.

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Microstructure of anisotropic alnico (the
magnetization direction is in the plane of the sheet)
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ALNICO ALLOYS

 AlNiCo Alloys can be used in areas where very high operating

temperatures are required.

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FERRITES

 The first artificially produced permanent magnets were Co

ferrites, which had a high coersivity but a rather low
remanence

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FERRITES

 After yearlong production of soft magnetic ferrites in the

1940s, Philips discovered in the early 1950s hard ferrites with
the general formula MO.6(Fe2O3), where M stands for Ba, Sr
or Pb.

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FERRITES
 Ferrite magnets are used in:

 Loudspeakers
 telephone receivers
 motors, generators and other rotating devices
 Holding and clamping devices.

Cheap, low density. They can be powered and included in a plastic

binder to form the so called "plastic magnets" which can be
formed easily into desirable shape

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 RARE-EARTH ALLOYS
 Rare-earth magnets are strong permanent magnets made
from alloys of rare earth elements. Developed in the 1970s
and 80s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of
permanent magnets made, substantially stronger than ferrite
or alnico magnets.

 There are two types: neodymium magnets and samarium-

cobalt magnets. Rare earth magnets are extremely brittle
and also vulnerable to corrosion, so they are usually plated or
coated to protect them from breaking and chipping.

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 RARE-EARTH ALLOYS
 Samarium-cobalt magnets:

A samarium-cobalt magnet ( SmCo5 ) , one of the two types of rare

earth magnet, is a strong permanent magnet made of an alloy of
samarium and cobalt. They were developed in the early 1970s.

They are generally the second-strongest type of magnet made, less

strong than neodymium magnets, but have higher temperature
ratings. They are expensive, brittle, and prone to cracking and
chipping.
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 RARE-EARTH ALLOYS
 Neodymium magnet:

A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, or Neo magnet),

a type of rare-earth magnet, is a permanent magnet made
from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron to form the Nd 2 Fe14 B
tetragonal crystalline structure. This material is currently the
strongest type of permanent magnet.

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 RARE-EARTH ALLOYS
 Neodymium magnet:

The tetragonal Nd 2 Fe14 B crystal structure gives the compound to

have high coercivity.

Neodymium magnets have higher remanence, much higher

coercivity and energy product, but often lower Curie temperature
than other types.

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 RARE-EARTH ALLOYS

The table below compares the magnetic performance of neodymium

magnets with other types of permanent magnets.

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 RARE-EARTH ALLOYS
 Common applications of rare-earth magnets include:
> computer hard drives
> audio speakers / headphones
> bicycle dynamos
> fishing reel brakes
> permanent magnet motors in cordless tools.

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Thank you for your attention..

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