Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Group 3
Faculty Medicine
Sriwijaya University
THE MEMBERS
SCENARIO
Miss A, aged 20 years, came to ER with chief complain of whole body swelling which
had been more prominent since 2 weeks before admission. Swelling was started when
she woke up around the eyelids. This swelling eventually developed to the whole body.
Urine was less than usual. She had no complaint about defecation. 1 year ago, patient
frequently had tenderness around her joints especially at finger’s joints. This
tenderness came and faded on its own. The patient also complained about moderate
fever which sometimes came and faded on its own. Her hair was easily fallen.
Stomatitis was often found without prominent cause. Her face was reddish especially t
cheek if it was directly shone upon sunlight.
Miss A had consumed analgesics whenever she had these complaints but so far had not
gotten better.
Tenderness
Joints
Stomatitis
Analgesics
Sensorium
Anasarcal edema
Ascites
Ureum
Creatinine
Albumin
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
Urinary protein
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Miss A, aged 20 years, came to ER with chief complain of whole body
swelling which had been more prominent since 2 weeks before admission.
Swelling was started when she woke up around the eyelids and eventually
developed to the whole body.
Urine was less than usual.
1 year ago, patient frequently had tenderness around her joints especially at
finger’s joints and this tenderness came and faded on its own.
The patient also complained about moderate fever which sometimes came and
faded on its own.
Her hair was easily fallen.
Stomatitis was often found without prominent cause.
Her face was reddish especially at cheek if it was directly shone upon sunlight.
CONT….
Miss A had consumed analgesics whenever she had these
complaints but so far had not gotten better.
Physical examination : General condition several sick.
Sensorium Compos mentis. HR : 100x/min, regular; RR: 28
x/min, rapid and deep; Temperature: 37.5 C; Blood pressure:
170/100 mmHg.
Specific conditions : Anasarcal edema, stomatitis, ascites, and
edema at extremities were found.
Hb: 9,5 gr%, WBC: 8.000/mm3, ESR: 105 mm/hour; ureum 138
mg/dl, creatinine 3,2 mg/dl, albumin 2,5 g/dl, cholesterol 268
mg/dl, triglycerid 235 mg/dl,urinary protein +++.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
Miss A, aged 20 years, came to ER with chief complain of whole body
swelling which had been more prominent since 2 weeks before admission.
a. What cause swelling which had been move prominent since 2 weeks before
admission?
Swelling was started when she woke up around the eyelids and eventually
developed to the whole body.
a. Why does swelling occur around the eyelids when she woke up?
b. What is the mechanism of swelling around the eyelids?
c. Why does the swelling being developed to the whole body?
Urine was less than usual.
a. Why is the urine less than usual?
b. Mechanism urinary system?
c. What is the effect of urinary disturbance towards the body system?
CONT…
1 year ago, patient frequently had tenderness around her joints especially at finger’s
joints and this tenderness came and faded on its own.
a. Why the tenderness happens specifically at does her finger’s joints?
b. Mechanism of tenderness at the finger’s joints?
c. Why does the tenderness occur and fades on its own?
The patient also complained about moderate fever which sometimes came and faded
on its own.
a. Mechanism of moderate fever?
b. Types of fever?
c. What is the cycle for this fever?
Her hair was easily fallen.
a. Why does her hair easily falls?
b. What is the correlation between her hair easily falls with the other symptoms?
CONT…
Stomatitis was often found without prominent cause.
a. What is stomatitis?
b. Mechanism?
c. Etiology?
d. Cause?
e. Pathology?
f. Pathophysiology?
g. Histology?
Her face was reddish especially at cheek if it was directly shone upon sunlight.
a. Why does her face reddish especially her cheek when it was directly shone upon
sunlight?
b. What is the mechanism of reddish face?
c. Is the any correlation between stomatitis and reddish face?
d. What is the effect of the reddish face?
CONT…
Miss A had consumed analgesics whenever she had these complaints but so
far had not gotten better.
a. What is the composition of analgesics?
b. What is the function of analgesics?
c. Why Miss A didn’t get better even when she consumed analgesics?
d. What is the best treatment for Miss A?
e. Mechanism of the analgesics?
Physical examination : General condition several sick. Sensorium
Compos mentis. HR : 100x/min, regular; RR: 28 x/min, rapid and deep;
Temperature: 37.5 C; Blood pressure: 170/100 mmHg.
a. What is the interpretation for physical examination?
Specific conditions : Anasarcal edema, stomatitis, ascites, and edema at
extremities were found.
a. What is the interpretation for specific conditions?
CONT…
Hb: 9,5 gr%, WBC: 8.000/mm3, ESR: 105 mm/hour; ureum 138 mg/dl, creatinine
3,2 mg/dl, albumin 2,5 g/dl, cholesterol 268 mg/dl, triglycerid 235 mg/dl,urinary
protein +++.
a. What is the interpretation for laboratory results?
Due to all the signs and symptoms, what does Miss A suffers from?
HYPHOTESIS
Lymphatic system
Thermoregulation
Immune system
Analgesics
Urinary protein
Histology in skin
Stomatitis
Anatomy :
1. Kidney
2. Skin
3. Finger’s joints
*SYNTHESIS*
_SISTEMIK LUPUS ERITEMATOSUS (SLE)_
SLE merupakan penyakit autoimun , maka akan dibahas
mekanisme autoimun sebelum menjelaskan
SLE.Autoimunitas menunjukan hilangnya toleransi diri.
Toleransi imunologi adalah suatu keadaan saat seseorang
tidak mampu mengembangkan suatu respon imun
melawan suatu antigen yang spesifik.Toleransi diri
secara khusus menunjukkan kurangnya responsivitas
imun terhadap antigen jaringannya sendiri.
MEKANISME PENYAKIT AUTOIMUN
Kegagalan toleransi
Kegagalan kematian sel yang diinduksi oleh aktivasi.
Gangguan anergi sel T
Mimikri molekular
Autoimunitas dapat terjadi jika klon yang self reaktif terhadap anergik
tidak diaktifkan oleh mekanisme yang tidak tergantung antigen. Contoh
superantigen yang merangsang sel T CD4+ sehingga bertambah banyak
tetapi tidak terdapat antigen maka terjadi penimbunan sel T CD4+
( autoimun).
CONT..
Stomatitis
Suatu inflamasi yang terjadi di mukosa mulut. Stomatitis biasanya
terasa nyeri yang diikuti kemerahan, bengkak, pembekuan darah didaerah yang sakit.
Sebagian dari defisiensi anemia bisa meninggalkan stomatitis
Alopecia ( kebotakan)
Suatu penyakit autoimun (sistem imun yang menyerang folikel rambut)
dimana folikel menjadi sangat kecil, produksi rambut lambat dan kehilangan
rambut untuk berbulan-bulan atau bertahun – tahun.
Folikel biasanya kembali normal dan rambut akan tumbuh dalam satu
tahun.Selain itu, pengobatan terhadap arthitis juga dapat menimbulkan
kerontokan rambut.
Contoh obat- obatan tersebut adalah methotrexat(Rheumatrex), arava/
leflunomide,plaquenil (hidroksikloroquin),NSAIDs.
Kerontokan rambut pada penyakit arthitis biasanya sekunder ( telogen
effluvium), dimana akar rambut didorong secara prematur pada resting
state(telogen).
2. JANTUNG
1. Sakit / nyeri dada selama latihan
2. Selain ini juga penyakit arteri koroner dapat menyebabkan angina
pectoris.Penyakit nyeri dada tiba – tiba atau tekanan yang tidak terjadi dlam
beberapa menit bisa mengindentifikasikan serangan jantung (miokardiac
infark)
3. Nyeri dada akibat inflamasi sekeliling jantung (pericarditis)
4. Nafas pendek akibat penyakit pada katup jantung
Kerusakan atau penyempitan katup jantung dapat terjadi akibat kerusakan
lapisan ruang jantung dan permukaan katup halus(endokardium).Kondisi dikenal
dengan endokarditis verrucous (Libman- sacks endocarditis).
3. PARU-PARU
Pleuritis
Nyeri dada yang diperburuk dengan menarik nafas dalam.Pleuritis dapat berasal
dari inflamasi saluran pada pernafasan dan didalam dada.
Nafas pendek
Penumpukan cairan pada ruang di paru – paru (efusi pleura) dapat turut campur
tangan dengan pengembangan paru – paru.Inflamasi dari kantung udara
( pneumonitis) atau disfungsi dan luka pada jaringan penyokong antara kantung
udara ( penyakit paru – paru intersial) dapat menyebabkan kesulitan
bernafas.Hipertensi pulmonary dapat juga menyebabkan nafas pendek yang
biasanya terjadi pada saat pendesakan.
4. GINJAL
Agregat kompleks imun akan disaring di ginjal dan mengendap di membran basal
glomerulus.Kompleks lainnya mungkin mengaktifkan komplemen dan menarik
granulosit dan menimbulkan reaksi inflamasi sebagai
glomerulonefritis.Kerusakan ginjal menimbulkan proteinuri dan kadang- kadang
pendarahan. Derajat gejala penyakit dapat berubah – ubah sesuai dengan kadar
kompleks imun.
Seluruh kondisi tersebut disebut sebagai uremia karena tinggi nya konsentrasi
ureum dalam cairan tubuh.
Sistem imun tubuh manusia terdiri dari sel limfosit T, sel limfosit B, dan makrofag. Sel
limfosit T memainkan peranan penting dalam timbulnya manifestasi Lupus, dimana
terjadi hiperaktivasi (aktivitas yang berlebihan) dari sel T, dan ketidakmampuan sel T reg,
yang berguna untuk regulasi aktivitas dari sel T, untuk mengontrol aktivitas dari sel T.
Hal tersebut akan mengakibatkan terjadinya reaksi otoimun. Ganoderma lucidum dan
Phellinus linteus bekerja dengan cara mengaktifkan sel limfosit T reg sehingga
hipereaktivitas dari sel limfosit T dapat ditekan.
Apabila hal ini terjadi maka manifestasi dari penyakit lupus pun dapat dikontrol.
ANALGESIK
Analgesik adalah golongan obat yang dapat menghilangkan rasa nyeri seperti nyeri kepala, gigi,
dan sendi. Obat golongan analgesik umumnya juga mempunyai efek antipiretik, yakni mampu
menurunkan suhu tubuh, sehingga biasa disebut obat golongan analgesik-antiperitik, seperti
aspirin, parasetamol, dan antalgin.
Mekanisme kerja:
M’hambat scr lsng & selektif enzim2 pd SSP yg m’katalisis biosintesis prostaglandin, spt
siklooksigenase, shgkonversi asam arakhidinat menjadi PGG2 terganggu dan reaksi inflamasi
akan tertekan n mencegah sensitisasi reseptor rasa sakit oleh mediator2 rasa sakit.
Saat dikonsumsi, obat analgesik ini bekerja di pusat pengatur suhu yang terletak pada batang otak.
Selain itu mampu melebarkan pembuluh darah kulit dan memicu produksi keringat sehingga
semakin banyak panas yang dibuang. Selain bekerja pada susunan syaraf pusat, analgesik-
antiperitik dapat mencegah pembentukan prostaglandin, yakni zat yang menimbulkan rasa nyeri
dan peningkatan suhu tubuh.
Efek samping obat-obat analgesik yang paling sering adalah iritasi pada lambung hingga tukak
lambung, gangguan fungsi trombosit akibat penghambatan biosintesa tromboksan A2 (TXA2)
dengan akibat perpanjangan waktu perdarahan, gangguan fungsi ginjal dan fungsi hati pada
pemamakaian lama dan reaksi alergi.
T Y
H
A O
N
K U
PERTANYAAN
Helda (7) : auto imun dapat membuat folikel
rambut terganggu….
Budi : kolerasi kolesterol & trigliserida….