SPEECH

DISORD
ERS

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 TYPES OF SPEECH
DISORDERS
 APHASIA
 DYSPHOtfIA
 DYSARTHRIA
 FUtfCTIOtfAL/PSYCHOGEtfIC
 tfISCELLAtfEOUS

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 PROCESS OF ABNORMALITIES
SPEECH

HEARING
DEAFNESS

UNDERSTANDING
APHASIA

THOUGHT &
APHASIA
WORD PROCESSING

DYSPHONIA
VOICE PRODUCTION

DYSARTHRIA
ARTICULATION

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 APHASIA

• Aphasia is defined as an acquired

impairment in the use of language due to
damage to certain parts of the brain
• This damage could be caused by injury,
stroke, or seizures
• The language deficits include difficulties
in language comprehension and execution

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 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF
APHASIA
• Fluent aphasias/Receptive aphasia
– The inability to understand the language of others and the
production of less meaningful speech then normal. eg;
wernicke”s, transcortical sensory,conduction,anomic
• Non-fluent aphasias/expressive aphasia
– Difficulty producing fluent, articulated, or self-initiated
speech.eg; Broca”s, transcortical motor,global

• Pure aphasia
– are selective impairments in reading, writing, or the recognition of
words. These disorders may be quite selective. For example, a
person is able to read but not write, or is able to write but not
read. Examples of pure aphasias are
– : Pure Alexia, Agraphia,Pure word deafness
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 Types of Fluent Aphasias
• Wernicke’s aphasia
– People with this type of aphasia- JARGON
APHASIA, have difficulty or inability
understanding others speech, and produce
meaningless speech
– FLUENT,VOLUMINOUS SPEECH
– NEOLOGISMS
– SYMANTIC-”sister for mother”
– Insight is ABSENT
– produced by damage to Wernicke’s area of
the brain-division of middle cerebral artery

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WERNICKE”S
APHASIA

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More Types of Fluent Aphasia
• Conduction aphasia
– The main symptom of this type of aphasia
is difficulty repeating something
someone has just said
– FLUENT SPEECH, but paraphasic
– COMPREHENSION INTACT..
– REPETITION,NAMING,WRITING IMPAIRED
– FILLED PAUSES-Aaaa….Aaaaa
– damage to the ARCUATE FASICULUS

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More Types of Fluent Aphasia
• Anomic aphasia/minimal
dysfunction syndrome/nominal
aphasia
– This aphasia is characterized by difficulty
finding names and difficulty substituting
indefinite nouns and pronouns with
substantive words. For instance, people
with this affliction will use words like,
thing, stuff, or it instead of automobiles,
groceries, or furniture.
– Primary deficit is WORD FINDING AND
NAMING
– SINGLE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE
DISTURBANCE IN HEAD TRAUMA AND
ALZHEIMER”S Page 10
 FLUENT TRANSCORTICAL/
TRANSCORTICAL SENSORY
APHASIA
• Similar to WERNICKE”S APHASIA
but
REPETITION IS INTACT
• They can repeat but cant understand
it

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 Non-Fluent Aphasias

• Broca’s aphasia
– This type of aphasia manifests with difficulties
initiating well-articulated conversational speech
– NON FLUENT, EFFORTFUL,slow, labored, and
agrammatical speech, which means words like a,
an, or the and verb tense is left out of their
speech…incomplete speech
– Insight is PRESENT
– Additional defects?
– damage to Broca’s area of the brain..superior
div. of middle cerebral artery

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BROCA”S
APHASIA

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 More Types of Non-Fluent
Aphasia’s
– Transcortical motor aphasia
– Similar to BROCA”S APHASIA but
REPETITION is INTACT
– People with this aphasia do not speak
unless they are strongly encouraged to
do so and when they do speak it is
labored and non-fluent
– damage to the premotor cortex
anterior and superior to Broca’s area
… anterior cerebral artery

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 More Types of Non-Fluent
Aphasia’s
• Global aphasia
– As the name suggests, this type of aphasia is
characterized by a severe depression of all
language functioning
– NON FLUENT, naming, repetition,
comprehension all impaired
– damage around and to Broca’s and Wernicke’s
areas of the brain …entire middle cerebral
artery

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The handwriting of a person with an aphasia
reflects their speech impediment.

There was an experiment done where people

with Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasias were
presented with a picture and then asked to
write down a description of what they say in
the picture.

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This is the picture

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A patient with Broca’s aphasia wrote
this

Notice the use of very few words, but

the words do make some sense
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A patient with Wernicke’s aphasia
wrote this

Notice here that there are many, less

forced, words, but they don’t make
much sense. Also because they’re not
struggling to find their words, the
handwriting is better Page 19
 Type of aphasia Repetition Naming Auditory Fluency
comprehension

Wernicke’s mild– fluent

aphaia mild–mod defective
severe

Conduction poor poor relatively good fluent

aphasia

Nominal or mod–
Anomic aphasia mild severe mild fluent

mod– non-fluent,
Broca’s aphasia mod–severe mild difficulty effortful,
severe
slow

Global aphasia poor poor poor non-fluent

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 DYSARTHRIA

• Is due to defect IN ARTICULATION.

• LANGUAGE CONTENT IS NORMAL
• TYPES- 4

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 TYPES OF DYSARTHRIA
TYPE SITE CHARACTERISTICS
MYOPATHIC MUSCLES OF SPEECH

MYASTHENIC MOTOR ENDPLATE

BULBAR BRAINSTEM{LMN} INDISTINCT,NASAL

SLURRING,SING-SONG
SCANNING CEREBELLUM QUALITY

SPASTIC/ PYRAMIDAL TRACTS INDISTINCT/

PSEUDOBULBAR {UMN} BREATHY,MUMBLING

PARKINSONIAN BASAL GANGLIA STAMMERING

DYSTONIC BASAL GANGLIA

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 DYSPHONIA

• Is due to defect in the production

of sound
CAUSES
1) Laryngeal diseases-eg;laryngitis
2) Vocal cord lesions
3) Xth cranial nerve palsy
4) hysterical

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 OTHERS

1) Cluttering
2) Stammering
3) Dysprosody-in parkinsonian disease
4) Scanning
5) Staccato-each syllable is uttered
seperately

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THANK YOU!!!!

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