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  • Statistical Analysis (Automatisch Gespeichert)

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    Amo gus
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    This document discusses how graphs and statistics can be misleading. It provides examples of misleading graph techniques like manipulated scales that omit baseline data or use misleading scales. It also discusses unreliable data sources and intentional or accidental omission of important data points. Common data fallacies are explained like cherry picking, false causality, survivorship bias, and sampling bias that can distort the message conveyed by a graph. The document emphasizes that graphs require careful examination of the scales and data sources to fully understand the message and not take them as concrete facts.

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    Statistical Analysis [Automatisch Gespeichert]

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    This document discusses how graphs and statistics can be misleading. It provides examples of misleading graph techniques like manipulated scales that omit baseline data or use misleading scales. It also discusses unreliable data sources and intentional or accidental omission of important data points. Common data fallacies are explained like cherry picking, false causality, survivorship bias, and sampling bias that can distort the message conveyed by a graph. The document emphasizes that graphs require careful examination of the scales and data sources to fully understand the message and not take them as concrete facts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    5 views24 pages

    Statistical Analysis (Automatisch Gespeichert)

    Uploaded by

    Amo gus
    This document discusses how graphs and statistics can be misleading. It provides examples of misleading graph techniques like manipulated scales that omit baseline data or use misleading scales. It also discusses unreliable data sources and intentional or accidental omission of important data points. Common data fallacies are explained like cherry picking, false causality, survivorship bias, and sampling bias that can distort the message conveyed by a graph. The document emphasizes that graphs require careful examination of the scales and data sources to fully understand the message and not take them as concrete facts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 24

    statistical analysis

    How Graphs
    mislead us
    What are Statistics
    4.5

    • Statistics is a science 4
    3.5
    3
    2.5 6
    2
    • Data collection  1.5
    1
    5

    4
    0.5
    3
    0
    Kategorie 1
    2
    • Data analyzation  Datenreihe 1 Datenreihe 2 Datenreihe 3
    1

    0
    Kategorie 1 Kategorie 2 Kategorie 3 Kategorie 4

    • Data interpretation  Datenreihe 1


    Datenreihe 3
    Datenreihe 2

    • Data presentation 
    1. Quartal 2. Quartal 3. Quartal 4. Quartal
    Different ways of visualizing data
    Bar Graph Line Graph Pie Graph
    5 6
    4.5
    5
    4
    3.5
    4
    3
    2.5 3
    2
    2
    1.5
    1
    1
    0.5
    0 0
    Series1 A B C D

    Datenreihe 1 Datenreihe 2 Datenreihe 1 Datenreihe 2 1. Quartal 2. Quartal


    Datenreihe 3 Datenreihe 3 3. Quartal 4. Quartal
    Bar Graph
    Bar Graph • 1 variable
    5
    4.5
    4 • Can be logarithmic
    3.5
    3
    2.5
    2
    • Direct comparison
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    Series1

    Datenreihe 1 Datenreihe 2
    Datenreihe 3
    Line Graph
    Line Graph • 2 variables
    6

    5
    • Used a lot with time
    4

    3
    • Can be logarithmic
    2

    0
    A B C D

    Datenreihe 1 Datenreihe 2
    Datenreihe 3
    Pie Graph
    Pie Graph • 1 variable

    • Can’t be logarithmic

    • Is always to scale (if the data is)

    • Used with percentages


    1. Quartal 2. Quartal
    3. Quartal 4. Quartal
    What is a logarithmic graph
    • Goes up by exponentials of 10

    • Sometimes only at the top

    • Makes it so you can see all the data


    clearly

    • But the Data is no longer to scale with


    eachother
    ?
    ?
    ?
    ?
    Misleading Graphs

    ?
    ?
    What are misleading graphs?
    • Unreliable data

    • Manipulated scales

    • Omitting (leaving out) Data

    • Blatant lies
    Manipulated Scales
    Omitting the baseline
    To scale
    Chart Title
    600000

    500000

    400000
    Chart Title
    490000 300000

    480000
    200000
    470000

    460000 100000
    450000
    0
    440000 Kategorie 1

    430000

    420000 The Times Daily Telegraph .


    Kategorie 1

    The Times Daily Telegraph


    To scale
    Welfare Recipients
    120000000

    100000000

    80000000

    60000000

    40000000

    20000000

    0
    2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 .
    Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2

    Welfare Recipients
    Manipulated Scales
    missing/misused/misunderstood data
    Manipulated Scales
    103000000103000000
    Cumulative scales
    Manipulated Scales
    Honorabe mentions
    Unreliable Data
    • Isn’t always obvious

    • Unreliable sources

    • Sometimes accidentally

    • Sometimes intentional
    Data Fallacies
    Cherry Picking Data Dredging Survivorship Bias
    Data Fallacies
    Cobra Effect False Causality Gerrymandering
    7

    0
    Time

    Temperature Pirates
    Data Fallacies
    Sampling Bias Gamblers Fallacy Regression
    Toward the Mean
    Data Fallacies
    Hawthorne Simpson’s McNamara Fallacy
    Effect Paradox
    In conclusion
    • Not every graph can shows the bigger picture

    • Graphs aren’t concrete unopposable facts

    • Always look twice at the scales of a graph

    • Always think about who is presenting the graph and what they’re
    motives are
    FIN

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