PENGENALAN KEPADA

PENYELIDIKAN
PM DR ABDUL RASID ABDUL RAZZAQ/DR
BADARUDIN
FPTV, UTHM
 Kajian?
• Research is not just information gathering.
• Research is not rearranging facts.
• True research is a quest driven by a specific
question which needs an answer
• Research originates with a question or a
problem.
• Research requires a clear articulation of a goal.
 PENYELIDIKAN?
• …the aim is to make known something
previously unknown to human beings. It is to
advance human knowledge, to make it more
certain or better fitting…the aim is.. discovery
(Elias, 1986).
Research Spiral (Lingkaran Kajian)
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
1 Descriptive Research Finding out, describing what is
-eg: market profile study, tourist satisfaction
2 Explanatory Research Explaining how or why things are as they are
(and using this to predict)
-causality
3 Evaluating Research Evaluation of policies and program
 WHY STUDY RESEARCH?
• Understand research report, etc
• Academic research projects
• Management tool in:
– Policy making
– Planning
– managing
 WHO DOES RESEARCH?
• Academics
• Students
• Government and Commercial Organisations
• Consultants
• Managers
RESEARCH PARADIGM

RP

Positivism Fenomenologikal

Pendekatan Pendekatan
Kuantitatif Kualitatif
 Cont’
• Sosial sains ada dua falsafah utama
1. Positivisme-siasat fakta & sebab fenomena
sosial secara objektif
2. Fenomenologikal/Interpretivisme-fahami
fenomena sosial dari pandangan subjek,
bagaimana manusia melihat dan memberi
makna pada sesuatu
3. Pragmatik-1990 (complement)
 Definisi Kajian Kualitatif
• “ Qualitative research is an inquiry process of
understanding based on distinct
methodological traditions of inquiry that
explore a social or human problem. The
researcher builds a complex, holistic picture,
analyzes words, reports detailed views of
informants, and conducts the study in a
natural setting” (Creswell, 1998).
 Fahami Konsep Kajian Kualitatif
• Bagaimana manusia memberi makna, fahami dari perspektif
subjek dan bukan penyelidik
• Pentingnya kajian dalam latar yang sebenar dan semulajadi
• Fahami dari segi pendapat, pengalaman dan perasaan
subjek
• Pendekatan induktif dalam mengumpul dan analisis data
• Rekabentuk kajian berkembang (emergent design)
• Laporan kajian adalah berbentuk deskriptif, gunakan bahasa
ekspresif dan memaparkan suara subjek dalam bentuk teks

Quali vs Quant
DEDUCTIVE & INDUCTIVE REASONING
 Elements of the Research Process

Deductive thinking (Quantitative)

THEORY

HYPOTHESIS

OBSERVATION

CONFIRMATION
 Elements of the Research Process (Cont.)

Inductive thinking (Qualitative)

OBSERVATION

PATTERNS

HYPOTHESIS

THEORY
 Qualitative Methods
When should I use qualitative methods?
•When variables cannot be quantified
•When variables are best understood in their natural
settings
•When variables are studied over real time
•When studying intimate details of roles, processes,
and groups
•When the paramount objective is “understanding”
Ciri-Ciri Penyelidikan Kualitatif vs Kuantitatif

Aspek P.Kualitatif P. Kuantitatif

Perbandingan
Fokus kajian Kualiti (bentuk, intipati kandungan) Kuantiti (berapa banyak)
Asas Falsafah Fenomenologi Positivisme
Frasa Berkaitan Kajian lapangan, ethnografi, Eksperimental, statistik
naturalistik, grounded study, case
study
Matlamat Pemahaman, deskripsi, Ramalan, deskripsi,
penerokaan, makna pengesahan, ujian hipotesis
Ciri Reka bentuk Fleksibel, berkembang Berstruktur, ditetapkan lebih
awal
Sampel Kecil, bukan rawak, bertujuan Besar, rawak
Pengumpulan data Penyelidik instrumen utama, temu Skala, ujian, soal selidik,
bual, pemerhatian, dokumen tinjauan
Mod analisis Induktif (oleh penyelidik) Deduktif (statistik)
Dapatan Komprehensif, holistik, deskriptif Tetap, numerikal
Prosedur Pengumpulan Data/Sumber
 Kaedah Temu bual
• Structured Interview
• Semi Structured Interview
• Unstructured Interview
Prosedur Pemerhatian (Observation)
 Triangulasi (Validiti)

• Dalaman –Peserta Kajian

• Metod
• Sumber
• Pakar Luar
 1. Read Data, develop ideas and
feelings
ANALYSIS

2. Code Data, tag items with same

meaning using a unique code
3. Search and extract instances of codes
4. Identify patterns among codes
(pattern coding)
5. Create figures, tables, or descriptions
THEMES
of patterns
 Analysis
• Process of Qualitative Analysis:
– Data Reduction
– Data Display
– Conclusion Drawing and Verification
 Coding

An example of
“old school”
coding

Source: http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/phpechopage_titleOnlineQDA-Examples_QDA.php
Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan penerangan Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan tema yang
dalam penulisan laporan digunakan dalam penulisan laporan

Mengkodkan Data
(Membahagikan segmen-segmen teks dan
melabelkan kod-kod yang berkaitan)

Simultaneous
Membaca/Membiasakan Dengan Data
(Dapatkan kefahaman umum)

Iterative

Persediaan Data untuk Analisis

(Transkrip atau nota lapangan)

Pengumpulan Data
(Nota lapangan, transkrip, lain-lain)
Initial Read through Text Divide Text Into Label the Segments with Reduce overlap Collapse Codes
Data Segments Codes And redundancy of Into themes
codes

Many ages of text Many segments of text 30-40 codes

Codes reduced to 20 Codes reduced to 5-7
themes

Model Visual Proses Pengkodan Data Kualitatif

Sumber: Adaptasi daripada Creswell, 2012
Kandungan Kajian
1. Pendahuluan 1. Pengenalan 1. Pengenalan pd isu
Kenapa, mengapa 2. Latar belakang Masalah 2. Masalah ingin dikaji
menjalankan kajian 3. Pernyataan Masalah secara khusus
3. Apakah masalah yg ingin
4. Tujuan/ Objektif dikaji
5. Persoalan Kajian 4. Apa tujaun
6. Kepentingan kajian 5. Apa yang nak dicapai
7. Kekangan 6. Penting pada..
7. Adakah semua aspek
8. Konsep boleh dikaji
8. Konsep yg perlu diberi
penjelasan
2 Sorotan Penulisan 1. Ada sokongan pd
isu/landasan empirikal
3 Metodologi 1. Kaedah/ prosedur 1. Cara bagaimana
Bagaimana, siapa dan bila? 2. Sampel dan populasi 2. Siapa yg dikaji
3. Tempat 3. Dimana di kaji
4. Instrumentasi 4. Apa alat yg digunakan
5. Jangkamasa 5. Bila masa/sertakan jadual
4 Keputusan 1. Pendahuluan
2. Keputusan-tema/tema
5 Perbincangan & Kesimpulan 1. Pendahuluan 1. Diceritakan ringkasan L/b
2. Perbincangan 2. Bincang keputusan/LR
3. Kesimpulan 3. Sintensis & penilaian
4. Cadangan 4. cadangan
 Bidang Kajian/Fokus/isu
• Pengurusan
• Organisasi
• Gelagat
• Sikap
• Pelancong-motivasi, jangkaan,Kepuasan dll
• Penerimaan komuniti
• Impak
• Kebolehpasaraan
• Kompetensi
• Kurikulum
• Stakeholder
• Soft skills
• Penguasaan kemahiran
• Pendekata pengajaran & pembelajaran
• Student attachment
• ICT
• Produk
• Kualiti perkhidmatan
• Industri-persepsi/penerimaan
• OKU