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Anabolic pathways
ways
h
pat
a bolic 2H
t
Ca
O2
~P
CO2 + H2O Proteins,
Carbohydrates.
Lipids,
Metabolic pathways: Nucleic acids etc.
(i)Anabolic pathways
(ii)Catabolic pathways
(iii)Amphibolic pathways
• Products of digestion:
– Carbohydrate : glucose
– Lipid : fatty acid & glycerol acetyl-CoA
– Protein : amino acid
In Ruminants:
Cellulose is digested by symbiotic
microorganisms to lower fatty acids
(acetic, propionic, butyric) acetyl-CoA
Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Acetyl-CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
2H ATP
2 CO2
• Many of the major foodstuffs are
inconvertible :
– carbohydrate (glucose) is converted to
FA via pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
which is essentially irreversible, so the
opposite process can not take place
– No net conversion of acetyl-CoA to
glucose via Cyclic acid cycle (CA cycle)
• Many carbon skeletons of non-essential
amino acids can be produced from
carbohydrate via CA cycle &
transamination
• Reversal of this process allows glucogenic
amino acids to enter the pathway of
gluconeogenesis
• During starvation, FFA & ketone bodies are
oxidized in preference to glucose which is
spares for tissues such as brain &
erythrocyte that require glucose at all times
• Ketosis is a metabolic adaptation to
starvation and it is exacerbated in
pathologic conditions such as DM &
ruminant ketosis
Overview of Metabolism
Some important points can be made
about this summary diagram
• These pathways are integrated - they do not
operate in isolation. Early parts of the
pathways are reversible
• this is important for the storage and
mobilization of fuels within the body as
dietary supply and the body's need for fuel
changes
• ATP is produced from the catabolic
pathways - fuels are oxidized to products
ATP is consumed in anabolic pathways -
synthesis of storage forms of fuels
• Acetyl CoA is a central focus of
metabolism
• it is formed from all three groups of fuel
molecules and acts as a carrier of acetyl
groups into the TCA cycle for their final
oxidation to carbon dioxide
• it is also the starting point for important
syntheses
– it is the starting point for fatty acids synthesis
– it can be converted to ketone bodies (not
shown on this diagram) when required
Notes:
• Under positive caloric balance, a
significant proportion of the total energy
intake is stored as either glycogen or fat
• If the diet is mainly carbohydrate, glucose
will be the principal fuel of the tissue.
However, in some tissues (even under fed
conditions) fatty acid (FA) are oxidized in
preference to glucose, but particularly
under conditions of caloric deficit or
starvation
The economics of carbohydrate & lipid
metabolism
• Glucose is a metabolic necessity for the
brain & erythrocytes in all nutritional states
gluconeogenesis is particularly important
• A minimal supply of glucose is probably
necessary in extrahepatic tissues to
maintain oxaloacetate concentrations & the
integrity of the CA cycle
• Glucose is also the main source of
glycerol-3-P in tissues devoid of glicerol
kinase such as adipose tissue
minimal & obligatory rate of glucose
utilization under all conditions
Large quantities of glucose are also
necessity for fetal nutrition & the synthesis
of lactose in milk
• Preferencial utilization of ketone bodies &
FFA spares glucose for its essential
functions by:
– Impairing its entry into cell
– Its phosphorylation by hexokinase &
phosphofructokinase
– Its oxidative decarboxylation to pyruvate
Turning Metabolism Off and On.
Insulin Affects both Glucose and Lipid
Metabolism.
http://www.medbio.info/Horn/IntMet/integration_of_metabolism%20v2.htm
• Notes:
– Muscle tissue & liver not just take up
glucose but they have glycogen
reserves will be filled up when
glucose is taken up
– Skeletal muscle which makes up more
than 50% of the body will use glucose
as a substrate for “aerobic glycolysis”
• Increased glucose levels stimulate
pancreatic secretion of insulin the
immediate effects :
– Increased skeletal muscle glucose
uptake
– Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis &
glycogenolysis and stimulation of
glucose uptake in the liver (not shown)
– Inhibition of lipolysis in fat tissue
The rates of flux through the various
metabolic pathways are finely controlled in
the healthy individual.