What is Philosophy? Philosophy is the highest form of human knowledge. It is considered as the scientia scientiarum (the science of all sciences). It is the compendium of all learnings. It asks the simple question like: “Where did the world come from?” It also ask the most exhilarating questions like: “What is the beginning of the beginning of the world.” What is Philosophy? It came from two GREEK words, “PHILEIN” which means “to love” and “SOPHIA” which means “wisdom.” Etymologically, it means “love of wisdom.” What is Philosophy? Philosophy is a search for meaning. It is a good tool in understanding the human person. It is also the means towards the attainment of happiness. What is Philosophy? Are all philosophers pilosopo? When a pilosopo does philosophy in order to ridicule, what he does is a negative philosophy. But when a pilosopo reasons out in order to obtain wisdom, that is a positive philosophy. What is Philosophy? According to Socrates: “My wisdom consists in accepting that I knew nothing.” What is Philosophy? According to Socrates: “What makes the human person unknowledgeable is the fact that he know nothing and yet he did not know that he knew nothing.” A sophist claims that he knows everything and yet ending up with knowing nothing. A philosopher claims that he does not know anything and yet, ending up with knowing everything. What is Philosophy? Philosophy offers the students a chance to explore the fundamental questions about human existence. It can help us clarify our thoughts. What is Philosophy? It digs into the root causes of the people’s problems and discovers new solutions and remedies to human ills. It gives us a clear understanding of the human person and the reason for his existence. The Historical Background of Philosophy How did Philosophy come about? Philosophy began when the human person became aware of the things around them. How did Philosophy come about? Their curiosity led them to ask the questions: “Where did everything come from?” and “What is the urstoff (the first principle) of everything?” What is Philosophy? How did Philosophy come about? Why seaport town of Miletus? How did Philosophy come about? How did Philosophy come about? According to the history of Philosophy, the RICH MILESIANS and IONIANS were considered to be the first philosophers. Why MILESIANS and IONIANS? How did Philosophy come about? Why RICH? The Beginning of Philosophy Thales of Miletus (624-546 BCE) (Ang interes ng mga unang pilosopo ay ang pagtukals ng URSTOFF o ang pinagmulan ng lahat ng bagay.) On the question what was the origin of everything, his answer was that human beings developed from the meeting of sperm and egg. Hence, the beginning of the human person is in liquid content. Everything must have come from water. Because he was the one who started the ball rolling, he was considered as the Father of Philosophy. The Beginning of Philosophy Anaximander of Miletus (c. 550 BCE) The origin of things must be an apeiron or boundless/infinite. The Beginning of Philosophy Anaximenes (585-528 BCE) He asked: “if everything comes from apeiron, how did we know it?” Every water form will end up as AIR. Hence, everything comes from air. The Beginning of Philosophy Parmenides of Elea (c. 520 BCE) His philosophy focused on the PROBLEM OF THE ONE & THE MANY, i.e., on the problem of change. He claimed, “There is no change. Change is only an illusion. We are just being deceived by our senses. The Beginning of Philosophy Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 540-c. 480 BCE) His philosophy focused on the PROBLEM OF THE ONE & THE MANY, i.e., on the problem of change. Unlike Parmenides, he believes that all things are in the state of flux (Everything is changing.) He claimed that what makes things change is FIRE. Then FIRE is the URSTOFF. The Beginning of Philosophy Empedocles of Sicily (c. 495-430 BCE) He said that water, air, fire, and earth are the origin of everything. He tried to put an end to the discussion as regards where did everything come from by simply acknowledging the idea of everyone. The Beginning of Philosophy Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-496 BCE) According to him, everything can be numbered. Hence, the first principle of everything must be numbers. He was the one who coined the term philosophy. The Beginning of Philosophy Leucippus (490-430 BCE) and Democritus of Abdera (c.570-496 BCE) Everything that exists is made up of ATOMS. Hence, the first principle of everything must be atoms. According to Democritus, “If God exists, then, He, too, must be made up of atoms.” The Historical Development of Phi- losophy There are FOUR PERIODS OF PHILOSOPHY: a. ANCIENT PERIOD b. MEDIEVAL PERIOD c. MODERN PERIOD d. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
Each period has a particular subject of study. It means, philosophers in
different periods had different interests. They studied different subjects/topics. The Historical Development of Phi- losophy a. ANCIENT PERIOD During the this period, the prevailing question in philosophy was: “Where did everything come from?” Because ancient philosophers focused on the origin of the cosmos, ancient philosophy is, thereby, considered to be COSMOCENTRIC. The Historical Development of Phi- losophy b. MEDIEVAL PERIOD Medieval philosophers held that the beginning of the universe must be coming from an Infinite Being which they called qeoV (theos) or God. The question, therefore, that became prevalent was: “Does this God really exist?” or, better yet, “Is there really a God?” For this reason, medieval philosophy is considered to be THEOCENTRIC. The Historical Development of Phi- losophy b. MODERN PERIOD Modern philosophers believed that God truly exists. But He is existing only in the mind. The question, therefore, that became prevalent was: “How do we know that what is in our mind is real?” They, therefore, asked: “Is knowledge possible?” And “Is man really capable of acquiring knowl- edge?” For this reason, modern philosophy is considered to be IDEOCENTRIC. The Historical Development of Phi- losophy b. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Because of the rising political repression, contemporary philosophers focused their attention on the dignity of the human person. Hence, the question that became prevalent was: “Is there a human dignity?” For this reason, contemporary philosophy is considered to be ANTHROPOCENTRIC or HOMOCENTRIC. The Problem of Philosophy The rise of modern science brought the human person to set aside reasoning. Philosophy became a disinteresting subject. People believed that philosophy does not have a proper object. It appears to be not anymore focusing on the true and real problems of life. The Problem of Philosophy People would find it easier to resort to faith rather than on reason because faith does not require explanations. On the question about the existence of God, people would rather resort to theology than to philosophy. The Problem of Philosophy Contemporary philosophy has become inaccessible to the modern-day students. Because of its highfalutin terms, people find it impractical to talk about philosophy. The Necessity of the Study of Philoso- phy Man has been haunted by questions which philosophy alone can answer: What is the meaning of life? Why is there death? If the Creator is good, why is there evil in this world? Is there really a human freedom? Is there really a God? Is there life after this life? The Necessity of the Study of Philoso- phy Philosophy is the only means that is capable of providing a common ground between believers and non-believers. Philosophical training provides the students to help to think, read, and write; and possibly speak more critically, carefully, and logically. If we will be able to apply our knowledge in looking at things, we will be able to obtain a meaningful living. Definition of Philosophy Philosophy is defined as “a human, and consequently, a social activity which consists in man a perennial and a disinterested search for the intelligible structure of the totality of being.” Philosophy is first and foremost a human activity. It is only for the human person. Definition of Philosophy Philosophy is a social activity. Because man is a social being, philosophy became a social activity. Definition of Philosophy Philosophy is a perennial search. It is a never-ending search for truth. For as long as there is man on earth, there will always be philosophy. Philosophy is a disinterested search because people believed that it does not provide practical solutions to problems. Definition of Philosophy Philosophy is a search for the intelligible structure. It is using reason in order to acquire truth. Definition of Philosophy Philosophy deals with the totality of being. It deals with the whole of creation. It also deals with anything and everything that is under and beyond the sun. (Lahat ay maaring pag-aralan ng pilosopiya.) The Branches of Philosophy How is Philosophy connected with Ethics? Philosophy can be divided into three major divisions: 1. Philosophy of Thought 2. Philosophy of Reality 3. Philosophy of Morality The Branches of Philosophy PHILOSOPHY OF THOUGHT 1. Epistemology (study of knowledge) (Paano umaalam) 2. Logic (the science and art of distinguishing correct from the incorrect reasoning). (Paano mag-isip ng tama.) The Branches of Philosophy PHILOSOPHY OF REALITY 1. Metaphysics (the study of the origin of things). (Pag-aaral sa mga pinagmulan ngmga bagay bagay.) 2. Theodicy (the philosophical study of God). (Pag-aaral tungkol sa pag-iral ng Dyos) 3. Cosmology (the philosophical study of the universe / environment). (Pag-aaral sa mundo o sa mga bagay na walang buhay.) 4. Philosophy of Psychology (the philosophical study of man as composed of body and soul). (Pag-aaral sa tao bilang binubuo ng katawan at kaluluwa) 5. Social Philosophy (the philosophical study of the society.) (Pag-aaral sa tao bilang bahagi ng isang pamayanan.) 6. Political Philosophy (philosophical study of the state and the social organization). (Pag-aaral sa tao bilang bahagi ngisang politikal na komunidad.) The Branches of Philosophy PHILOSOPHY OF MORALITY 1. Ethics (the study of right living) (Pag-aaral sa TAMANG PAMUMUHAY.) 2. Aesthetics (the study of the meaning of beauty). (Pag-aaral sa kahulugan ng kagandahan. Ang mag halimbawa nito ay pag-aaral sa mga likhang sining.) 3. Philosophy of Person (the study about the dignity of man, truth, freedom, justice, love, death, and his relationship with other human beings and with God). (Pag-aaral tungkol sa tao bilang nilalang na may dignidad, naghahanap ng katotohanan, alam ang katarungan, nagmamahal, alam ang konsepto ng kamatayan, nilalang na nakikihalubilo sa kapwa, at nilalang na konektado sa Dyos.)
The Key to THEOSOPHY: Being a clear exposition, in the form of question and answer, of the Ethics, Science, and Philosophy, for the study of which the Theosophical Society has been founded with a copious glossary of general theosophical terms