Fire Emergency

Preparedness Seminar

FO2 Kristine Diane S Rillo, RN

Fire Prevention Lecturer

Quezon city fire district

Bureau of Fire Protection
 Order of Presentation
1. Fire Chemistry and its Behavior
2. Fire Prevention & its Objectives
3. Fire Suppression
4. Home Fire Safety Tips
5. Reaction and Response
 2016 Fire Prevention
Month Theme:

“Kaalaman at Pag-
tutulungan ng
Sambayanan, Kaligtasan
sa Sunog ay Makakamtan”
 Is fire natural or man made hazard?

Fire can be caused by human negligence or

by natural forces like lightning, droughts,
earthquakes and volcanoes. It can also be
caused by arson.
 FIRE CHEMISTRY AND
ITS BEHAVIOR
WHAT IS FIRE?
FIRE is essentially a rapid oxidation process
accompanied by the evolution of heat, light
varying intensities, flame and the emission of
sound.

Three essential elements fuel, oxygen

and heat which form a fire triangle which
are required to start a fire.
TRIANGLE OF FIRE
- Open flames
- Friction
- Sparks
- Heat producing
equipment
- faulty/overloading
electrical equipment
- Hot surfaces
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF FIRE
Fire is helpful and useful to mankind
because it provides warmth, comfort and food.
But on the other hand, if uncontrolled, fire is
destructive to mankind where it produces
destructions or damages to properties and
even deaths.
  A fire can create extreme temperature in matter of seconds.
Within minutes, air temperature in a burning room can reach 300
degrees Celsius and can climb up to 650-760 degrees celsius. This
temperature is hot enough to melt clothes, skin and scorch your
lungs in one breathe.

 Most people who die in fires, die from breathing smoke, toxic
gases and suffocation.
 Carbon Oxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Ammonia and hundreds
of other irritants attack your eyes, nose, throat and lungs.
 Fire spreads rapidly. A fire will double every 30 Seconds under
normal conditions. A house can be totally burned by fire in less than
5 minutes.
 In as little as 3 minutes, a small fire can erupt into a
“FLASHOVER”.

 Fire creates thick black smoke that makes it difficult to see. A

small fire can produce enough smoke to fill a building in minutes.
Makes you disoriented and stops you from thinking and
breathing.

Makes you breathe faster, which puts to rest the option of

holding your breath.

Mixes with moisture in the eyes, nose and throat, which

causes coughing and hacking. Then turns into nitric acid,
which starts to burn the tissue.
CLASSES OF
FIRE
 CAUSES OF FIRE
1. Accidental(unintentional or human
negligence/carelessness)

2. Intentional(Incendiary devices/Arson)

3.By nature(ex. Lightning, heat of sun,

earthquakes, droughts & volcanoes)
 Stages of Fire

Incipient Stage. There is no visible smoke or flame.

Smoldering Stage. There is smoke but no flame.

 Flame Stage. There is smoke and flame.

Heat Stage. There is uncontrolled spread of superheated air.

 Fire Spreads in Four Ways

DIRECT HEAT TRANSFER

This is the transfer of heat from one body

to another through direct flame contact.
 HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION

It involves the thermal process whereby

atmospheric circulation is maintained through the
upward or downward transfer of air masses of
different temperature.
 M
Ordinary combustible materials
E
T
A
L

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION

It is the transmission of heat from one body to another.

It is the transfer of heat from one molecule to another
molecule
 HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION

It is the diffusion of heat in liquid or gas form through

the motion of its parts.
 FIRE
PREVENTION
 Specific Objectives of
Fire Prevention
• To prevent fire from starting.
• To eliminate causes of fire.
• To save lives and properties.
• To minimize losses if fire occurs.
• To confine fine in its point of origin.
• To put out the fire.
1. Conduct and design a Fire Emergency
Response Plan in your area and consider
planning before, during and after the
emergency.
2. Conduct fire safety inspection and identify
fire hazards.
• Unlocked exits and unobstructed ailes and hallways.
• With visible and accessible portable fire extinguisher.
• Safe electrical installations or wiring system.
• With openable window & folding ladder for 2 or 3
storey residential houses.
• Compliance with other provisions of the Fire Code.
 Ozone Disco Fire Tragedy
March 19, 1996 - 162 persons died mostly
students

OZONE DISCO
Time & Date of Incident : March 19, 1996 at 12:05 am
Origin of Fire : Ceiling of the disc jockey’s booth
Amount of Damage : P15 million more or less
 
Cause of Fire
Electrical malfunction attributed to overloading capacity in the electrical system.
Continuous overloading for months and years caused electrical wire insulator to melt
or become brittle losing its insulation effects, thereby the overloaded/overheated wires inside
the ceiling ignited combustible materials.
Deaths : 162 persons mostly newly-graduated high school students
Injured : 93 persons
How the fire started?
A small, yellow colored flame was noticed at the left side of the ceiling of DJ’s booth.
Then there was power interruption and brown out occurred. But a modern music was still
playing even though there was a brown out.
It was full of disco goers packed like sardines. The fogging machine last emitted
at 11:30 pm and the fire occurred at 12:05 am. The disco goers thought that the fogging was
just a part of special effects or gimmick.

Violations :
Flagrant violations of the Building Code and Fire Code, to wit:
No emergency exits
@ One fire exit was permanently closed due to the construction of 12-storey Imperial Palace Bldg.
along Tomas Morato St. and the other fire exit was obstructed by 3 sofas and a table.
No proper exits, No alarm systems, No emergency lights, No sprinkler system
All doors are double-type swing-in and do not sway to the direction of exit travel.
-Before reaching the dance floor area, it has three(3) doors to pass through.
1st door made of glass leads to the lobby;
2nd door two-type swing-in leads to the reception and 3rd door two-type swing
in leading to the dance floor.
Findings of the Court
According to Sandiganbayan, these officials have been remiss in approving
the building permit of the disco bar. Despite faults in the design and defect in
the electrical safety system,
building officials of Quezon City still issued 2 building permits and certificate of occupancy.
Penalty
Imprisonment of 6 to 10 years
 Manor Hotel Fire
Aug 18, 2001 - 75 persons
died;57 seriously injured

Cause of fire
• Electrical short circuit at the stock
room near the karaoke bar located at
the 3rd floor of the building.
 Violations
Flagrant violations of the Building Code and Fire Code, to wit:
•Defective fire alarm
•No working smoke alarms
•Some fire exits were locked
•No emergency lights
•No sprinklers system
•Windows were barred by anti-burglars iron grills

When fire started, the guard tried to warn guests by discharging a

pistol but shot was drowned out by the noise of the hotel’s air
conditioning
system. Most deaths were caused by smoke inhalation or suffocation.
Dead bodies were mostly found in hallways and rooms which were
untouched by flame.

Trapped guests pleaded with firemen through the grills to rescue

them.
Firemen used metal grinders to cut the bars but only managed to save
18 people. 2 jumped for safety.
3. Be sure that all applicable fire protection equipment
are installed and working properly.
• Fire alarm system – Gives advance notice to
evacuate.
• Emergency Light – Illuminated pathway for escape
of occupants in case of brownout.
• Automatic Fire Suppression System – If functional
can abate hazards and minimize losses.
• Smoke Alarm & Smoke Detector – It sounded off to
give notice to occupants that there is fire.
4. Always be prepared for fire.
• When entering a building, always check your
nearest exit and alternate path of escape. Locked
or obstructed exits and fire hazards should be
reported.

• Make sure that exit

signages such as Fire
Exit, Directional Exit
Signs are visible or
• All exits in every floor of the building
should be plainly marked. Never
permit the obstruction of any aisle or
exit. Have an evacuation plan posted.

928-
8363
• Have an organized Fire Brigade
Team. Take an active part in fire
and evacuation drills.
5. Attend seminars and lectures
 
Extinguishing agents which can be
used in case of fire.
Fire Extinguisher Water Wet Blanket

Sand
THE FOUR BASIC METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES

1 3

2
What to do in case of fire? Think
of
SAFETY which means . . .
S – Sounding the alarm.
A – Advise the fire brigade & call the BFP
F – Fight fire
E – Evacuate the premises and safely exit
through doors.
T – Tell others that there is fire
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A portable apparatus or
manually-operated device that can
be discharged in a rapid stream to
extinguish a small fire.
 TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1.Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher(Red)-Powder type
It contains monoammonium phosphate which are
considered a multi-purpose agent that can work on
class A, B and C fires. The maximum range for this
type of extinguisher is 12 – 20 feet away from the
fire.
2. Water-based Fire Extinguisher(Blue)
(Aqueous film forming foam (afff))
Are convenient extinguishing agent but is only
effective on Class A & B fires. The water cools the
fuel thereby reducing the heat. Not for class C fires.
3. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher(CO2)
Designed to battle flammable liquids(Class B) and
electrical fires(C). It extinguishes primarily through a
smothering action by establishing a cover between the fuel
and the surrounding air. To gain maximum effectiveness,
stand at least 3-6 feet away from the fire.
4. Hydrochloflourocarbon Fire Extinguisher(HCFC)
- Vaporizing liquid which is clean agent and may not
affect sensitive equipment such as computers and other
electrical appliances. For Class A, B and C Fires.
 PARTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Lever
Pin
Hose Gauge
Handle
Instructional Label
Inspection Tag
Canister
Nozzle
 
HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

P - Pull the safety pin. This will allow

you to discharge the extinguisher.
A - Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. This
will allow you to hit the fuel.
S - Squeeze the lever. This will release the
pressurized extinguishing agent.
S - Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the
fire is completely out. Nozzle must be hold
tightly .
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER MAINTENANCE

It should be mounted on the wall to prevent being

damaged.
The area surrounding the fire extinguisher shall be kept
clear at all times.
The pressure gauge should be in the green zone at all
times.
It should be inspected on a monthly basis.
Know the location of all fire extinguisher in your facility
or place of work.
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
Be sure that the fire is small, contained and not spreading
beyond its starting point.
Know what type of fuel or material is burning to allow you to
choose the right fire extinguisher.
Back of the body must always be oriented on the door.
If outdoor, do not go by the wind.
The proper extinguisher is on hand and you know how to
properly and safely use it.
FIRE SAFETY TIPS
  SMOKERS' SAFETY
  Be a responsible smoker : Don't smoke in bed, when
you're drowsy or drunk. Use ash trays, and soak butts and
ashes before dumping them. Don’t throw cigarette butts
anywhere.
COMELEC INTRAMUROS FIRE
March 11, 2007
Cause of Fire: Cigarette butts
•According to Former Comelec Chairman Benjamin Abalos, a cigarette butt
have caused the fire that razed the old building. Cigarette butts have been
thrown near the generator area of the building.
•Portion of the 2nd floor were used as living quarters for poll body’s filed
officers, in-house security personnel and Police Special Action Force.
•Fire quickly spread because of the presence of flammable materials like
bulk of papers, and diesel fuel stored in the generator area. Old building
was wooden structure which is prone to ignition.
 Keep matches and lighters away
from children.

  USE ELECTRICITY SAFELY

Signs of problems for electrical appliances: flickering
lights, smoke or odd smells, blowing fuses, tripping circuit
breakers or frayed or cracked cords. Don't run extension
cords across doorways or where they can be walked on.
Cover the outlet . Check for hot switch. Avoid octopus
connection and overloading.Unplugged all electrical
appliances after every use.
Parola Compound Fire, Tondo, Manila
Date : March 2, 2015
Cause of Fire : Electrical Connections
10,000 Families affected
5,000 houses burned
 Candles and gas lamps
should be placed away from
curtains and other combustible
materials. Candle should be
placed in a holder or plate.

Pasay City Fire

Date : February 19, 2015
Cause of Fire : Unattended lighted candle
Affected families : 1,200 Families
Do not store flammable
substances such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, thinner and
rugby inside the kitchen.

Do not leave the electric iron

while ironing the clothes.
Unplug it after use.
Maintain proper housekeeping
to eliminate fire hazards.
Dispose wastes such as
papers, rubbish and other
materials that can easily catch
fire. Remove dried leaves on
the roof.
 Do not use defective electric
fan to avoid overheating.
Always clean and oil it.

SETTLEMENT HOUSE – Association

de Damas Filipinas, Inc.(Orphanage)
Quirino Ave. Paco, Manila
Date : December 3, 1998 at 1:30 am
Origin of Fire : Library
Cause of Fire : Overheated wall fan
-Based on the findings of PNP Forensic
Chemist and NBI Electrical Laboratory
indicates that “ the motors of the wall fan
overheated due to continuous use of
defective motor” which ignited the plastic
casing.
Fire Victims : 28 children died; 37
survived
COOK SAFELY
  Do not leave the kitchen when
cooking. Clean spilled oils or greases.
Old foof particles and greasy build-up
can ignite. Do not place any
combustibles beside the stove. If frying
pan catches fire, never spill water on it
but instead cover it with wet rugs.
LPG Tank/Cylinder
Check LPG tank and its hose for
possible gas leak. Close the main valve if
there is such. Clean the stove and hose
from oil greases and other residue. Buy
tank from reliable supplier and not from
fly-by-night dealer. If gas leak is
detected with considerable amount of
fumes, never create any sparks by
switching on the light, flashlight or
opening your cellphone to avoid fire or
explosion.
SERENDRA GAS EXPLOSION
Global City, Taguig
May 21, 2013
Cause of Fire
Gas leak at Unit 501-B was caused by the unauthorized movement of the gas range that
caused a detachment of the gas supply hose. The explosion occurred when the leaked fumes was
ignited by a light switch.
The tenant who was one of the 4 victims died was not alerted of the leakage because the
vaporized LPG used in Serendra Pipeline System was odorless.
Findings :
•Unauthorized movement of gas range caused a detachment of the gas supply hose.
•Non-functional safety devices such as gas leak detector & automatic shut off valve.
•Only 1 gas leak detector for the whole building and it did not activate.
•Negligence
- Not obtaining all permits for renovation.
- Allowing occupancy after renovation without inspection.
- Unauthorized access to gas valve.
- Inadequate and non-functional safety devices.
 PLAN YOUR ESCAPE
  If there’s a fire, you have to get
out fast, so be prepared. Draw a
floor plan of your home, marking
two ways out of each room. Practice
your escape plan by holding a fire
drill twice a year.
If trapped in a burning building
or house, crawl on the floor
because there is fresh air 1 – 2 feet
above the floor. Cover your mouth
with wet towel or hankerchief .
Makes sure that you know the way
going to the exit, if not, consider
the wall as your guide. If trapped
in a room, put something
underneath the opening of the
door ad the floor. Get the attention
of people by shouting for help.
 Consider an openable window in your
house not barred by iron grills with
lock and placed the key beside it.
Windows with anti-burglars iron grills
are prone to fire trap.

Speaker Jose de Venecia’s House

Fire
Date : December 16, 2004
Cause of Fire : Overheated Christmas tree
The daughter KC De Venecia, 16 years old
was trapped inside her bedroom, her body was
found inside the bath tub, because of heavy
grills on the windows, the only exit was that
leading to the main stairs. The speaker was not
at home when the fire broke out. When he
arrived, the speaker even tried to climb a fire
truck ladder to save her daughter but he was
told by firemen that he could not because the
smoke may suffocate him.
 If your clothing catches on fire,

Stop, Drop & Roll

  Don't run.   Instead, drop   Cover your face with

Running feeds immediately on the your hands and roll over
oxygen to the fire floor. and over to smother
and makes it worse. the flames.
TEST DOORS BEFORE OPENING
Do not easily open the door to
avoid backdraft. Before opening
the door, test it with the back of
your hand. If it feels hot, fire
was surely progressing inside
the room. Find another door for
your exit. As you escape, closed
other doors as you pass through
in order to delay the spread of
fire.
If you are awaken by the sound of your smoke alarm
or by the sound of smoke detector, remember:

Stay calm. React as soon as you hear

your smoke alarm. Wake up all the members
of your family.
Safely exit through doors and make your
way out together, through the nearest exit.
Do not open any doors other than the
ones you need to escape through.
If a door feels hot, DO NOT open it.
When everyone is safely outside call a
telephone and dial 117.
 DO NOT GO BACK TO THE HOUSE for
any reason until the Fire Service tells you it
is safe to return.
How to Transmit a Fire Alarm
1. Kind of Fire involved.
2. Specific location, Streets,
And its corners & landmarks.
3. Name of Caller.
4. Telephone Number.