Introduction to Statistics

Still John F. Reyes

Definition of Statistics
 The word statistics is derived from the
Latin word status meaning “state”.
Early uses of statistics involved
compilation of data and graphs
describing various aspects of the state or
country.
 The word statistics has two basic
meanings: It refers to actual numbers
derived from data and the other refers to
statistics as a method of analysis.
Definition of Statistics

 Statistics – is the theory and method of

collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting data.
 Statistics is a collection of quantitative
data, such as statistics of crimes,
statistics on enrolment, statistics on
unemployment, and the like.
Divisions of Statistics

 Descriptive Statistics deals with the

methods of organizing, summarizing and
presenting a mass of data so as to yield
meaningful information.
 Inferential Statistics deals with making
generalizations about a body of data
where only a part of it is examined. This
comprises those methods concerned with
the analysis of a subset of data leading to
predictions or inferences about the entire
set of data.
Divisions of Statistics
Examples:
1. A bowler wants to find his bowling
average for the past 12 games.
Ans: descriptive statistics

2. A manager would like to predict based

on previous years’ sales, the sales
performance of a company for the next
five years.
Ans: inferential statistics
Divisions of Statistics
Examples:
3. A politician would like to estimate, based
on an opinion poll, his chance for winning in
the upcoming senatorial election.
Ans: inferential statistics

4. A teacher wishes to determine the

percentage of students who passed the
examination.
Ans: descriptive statistics
Basic Statistical Terms
1. Population is the set of all individuals or
entities under consideration or study. It
may be a finite or infinite collection of
objects, events, or individuals, with
specified class or characteristics under
consideration.
Ex: The researcher would like to determine
the number of female BSCS students in
Cavite State University-Carmona.
Population: The set of all students in Cavite
State University-Carmona.
Basic Statistical Terms
2. Variable is a characteristic of interest
measurable on each and every individual
in the universe, denoted by any capital
letter in the English alphabet, is called a
variable.
Types of Variable
 Qualitative Variable consists of
categories or attributes, which have non-
numerical characteristics.
 Quantitative Variable consists of
numbers representing counts or
measurements.
Basic Statistical Terms
Examples:
• Qualitative Variables
Examples are classifications, year level,
sex and subjects enrolled this semester.
• Quantitative Variables
Variables for Population:
S = no. of students who are smoking
E = no. of students who like English
Classification of Quantitative Variable
• Discrete Quantitative Variable results
from either a finite number of possible
values or a countable number of possible
values.
Ex: number of students, number of books
and number of patients
• Continuous Quantitative Variable results
from infinitely many possible values that can
be associated with points on a continuous
scale in such a way that there are no gaps or
interruptions.
Ex: height, weight, grade point average, and
time.
Basic Statistical Terms
3. Sample is a part of the population or a
sub-collection of elements drawn from a
population.
4. Parameter is a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
population.
5. Statistic is a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
sample.
Basic Statistical Terms
6. Survey is often conducted to gather
opinions or feedbacks about a variety of
topics.
 Census Survey, most often simply
referred to as census, is conducted by
gathering information from the entire
population.
 Sampling Survey, most often simply
referred to as survey, is conducted by
gathering information only from part of
the population.
Exercises
Identify the population, variable of interest and
type of variable in the following:
1. A group of students taking Statistics
conducted a study on the effect of boy-girl
relationship to the academic performance of
the students.
2. The dean of the College of Science would
like to know the number of students who
are smoking.
3. A statistics teacher, Mr. Reyes would like to
determine whether the number of students
in a class at the start of the semester can
determine the number of failures.
Exercises
Identify each statement as having discrete or
continuous data/variable.
1. Among 1,500,000 microcomputer chips
made by Motocolla, 2 are found to be
defective.
2. Yesterday’s records show that 25 students
were absent.
3. Radar on EDSA indicated that the driver was
going 150 kph when ticketed for speeding.
4. Upon completion of a diet and exercise
program, Tony weighed 12.37 lbs. less than
when he started the program.
Levels of Measurement
Level 1: Nominal is characterized by data
that consist of names, labels, or categories
only. The data cannot be arranged in an
ordering scheme.
Examples:
1. Name
2. Religion
3. Civil Status
4. Address
5. Sex
6. Degree Program
Levels of Measurement
Level 2: Ordinal involves data that may be
arranged in some order, but differences
between data values either cannot be
determined or are meaningless.
Examples:
1. Military rank
2. Job position
3. Year level
Levels of Measurement
Level 3: Interval is like the ordinal level,
with the additional property that meaningful
amounts of differences between data can
be determined. However, there is no
inherent (natural) zero starting point.
Examples:
1. IQ score
2. Temperature (in °C)
Levels of Measurement
Level 4: Ratio is the interval level modified
to include the inherent zero starting point.
For values at this level, differences and
ratios are meaningful.
Examples:
1. Height
2. Width
3. Area
4. Weekly allowance