Lifting a book with your hand:

What is the total work done on the book??

 First calculate the work done by gravity:

Wg = mg r = -mg r
r FHAND
 Now find the work done by v = const
the hand:
a=0

WHAND = FHAND r = FHAND r

mg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 1

 Example: Lifting a book...
Textbook

Wg = -mg r
WHAND = FHAND r
r FHAND
WNET = WHAND + Wg v = const
= FHAND r - mg r a=0
= (FHAND - mg) r

mg
= 0 since ΔK = 0 (v = const)

 So WTOT = 0!!

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 2

 Example: Lifting a book...
 Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem says: W = K

{Net
Net Work done on object} = {change
change in kinetic energy of object}

In this case, v is constant so K = 0

and so W must be 0, as we found.

r FHAND
v = const
a=0

mg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 3

 Work done by Variable Force: (1D)
 When the force was constant, we
wrote W = F x
 area under F vs. x plot:

F
 For variable force, we find the area
by integrating:
 dW = F(x) dx.

Wg
x
x

F(x)

x2
W   F ( x )dx
x1 x1 x2
dx

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 4

 Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem for a
Variable Force
x2
W   F dx F  ma  m dv
x1
dt
x2
dv dx dv dv
 m  dv dx = = v (chain rule)
x1 dt dt dt dx dx
v2
dv
 mv  dx
v1 dx
v2
 m  v dv
v1

1 1 1
 m (v22 v12 )  m v22  m v12  ΔKE
2 2 2

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 5

 1-D Variable Force Example: Spring

 For a spring we know that Fx = -kx.

F(x) x1 x2

relaxed position
-kx

F = - k x1

F = - k x2

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 6

 Spring...
 The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.

F(x) x1 x2

x
Ws
relaxed position
-kx

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 7

 Spring... Spring
 The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.

x2
Ws   F ( x )dx
F(x) x1 x2
x1

x2
  ( kx )dx
x x1

Ws 1 x2
  kx 2
-kx 2 x1

1
Ws   k x22  x12 
2

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 8

 Lecture 10, Act 2
Work & Energy
 A box sliding on a horizontal frictionless surface runs into a fixed spring, compressing it a distance x1 from its relaxed position while momentarily coming to rest.
 If the initial speed of the box were doubled and its mass were halved, how far x2 would the spring compress ?

x2  x1 (b)
(a)  x2  2 x1 (c) x2  2 x1

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 9

 Lecture 10, Act 2
Solution
 Again, use the fact that WNET = K.
In this case, WNET = WSPRING = -1/2 kx2
and K = -1/2 mv2

m1
so kx = mv
2 2
In the case of x1 x1  v1
k

v1 x1
m1

m1

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 10

 m
x v
k Lecture 10, Act 2
Solution
So if v2 = 2v1 and m2 = m1/2
m1 2 2m1
x 2  2v 1  v1
k k

x2  2 x1

v2 x2
m2

m2
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 11
 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
 A spring (constant k) is stretched a distance d, and a mass m is hooked to its end. The mass is released (from rest).
What is the speed of the mass when it returns to the relaxed position if it slides without friction?

m relaxed position

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m after release

v
m back at relaxed position

vr
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 12
 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
 First find the net work done on the mass during the motion from x = d to x = 0 (only due to the spring):

1 1 1
Ws   k x 22  x12    k 0 2  d 2   kd 2
2 2 2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 13

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
 Now find the change in kinetic energy of the mass:

1 1 1
ΔK  mv 22  mv12  mv r2
2 2 2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 14

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
 Now use work kinetic-energy theorem: Wnet = WS = K.

1 1 k
kd 2  mv r 2 vr  d
2 2 m

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 15

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
 Now suppose there is a coefficient of friction  between the block and the floor
 The total work done on the block is now the sum of the work done by the spring WS (same as before) and the work done by friction Wf.
Wf = f.Δr = - mg d

r

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m f = mg relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 16

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
 Again use Wnet = WS + Wf = K

Wf = -mg d

1 1
WS  kd 2
2
K  mv r
2 2

1 2 1 2 k 2
kd  mgd  mv r vr  d  2 μgd
2 2 m

r

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m f = mg relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 17

 Work by variable force in 3-D:

 Work dWF of a force F acting F

through an infinitesimal
displacement r is: r

dW = F.r
 The work of a big displacement through a variable force will
be the integral of a set of infinitesimal displacements:

WTOT
= F.r

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 18

 Conservative Forces:
 We have seen that the work done by a conservative force
does not depend on the path taken.
W2

W1 = W2

W1
 Therefore the work done in a closed
path is 0.
W2

WNET = W1 - W2 = 0
W1
 The work done can be “reclaimed.”

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 19

 Potential Energy

 For any conservative force F we can define a

potential energy function U in the following way:

W = 
F.dr = -U
 The work done by a conservative force is equal and
opposite to the change in the potential energy function.
r2 U2
 This can be written as:
r2

U = U2 - U1 = -W = - F.dr
r
1
 r1 U1

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 20

 Gravitational Potential Energy
 We have seen that the work done by gravity near the Earth’s surface when an object of mass m is lifted a distance y is
Wg = -mg y

 The change in potential energy of this object is therefore:

U = -Wg = mg y

j m
y Wg = -mg y

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 21

 Gravitational Potential Energy
 So we see that the change in U near the Earth’s surface is:
U = -Wg = mg y = mg(y 2 -y1).

 So U = mg y + U0 where U0 is an arbitrary constant.

constant

 Having an arbitrary constant U0 is equivalent to saying that we can choose the y location where U = 0 to be anywhere we want to.

j m y2
y1 Wg = -mg y

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 22

 Potential Energy Recap:

 For any conservative force we can define a potential

energy function U such that:
S2

U = U2 - U1 = -W = - S
1

F.dr

 The potential energy function U is always defined only

up to an additive constant.

 You can choose the location where U = 0 to be

anywhere convenient.

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 23

 Potential Energy
 All springs and masses are identical. (Gravity acts down).
 Which of the systems below has the most potential energy stored in its spring(s), relative to the relaxed
position?

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) same

(1) (2)

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 24

 Solution
 The displacement of (1) from equilibrium will be half of that of (2)
(each spring exerts half of the force needed to balance mg)

0
d
2d

(1) (2)

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 25

 Lecture 11, Act 3
Solution
1
The potential energy stored in (1) is 2  kd2  kd2
2
1 2
The potential energy stored in (2) is k2d  2kd2
2

The spring P.E. is

twice as big in (2) !
0
d
2d

(1) (2)
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 26
 Conservation of Energy
 If only conservative forces are present, the total kinetic plus
potential energy of a system is conserved.

E = K + U is constant!!!
E=K+U
 Both K and U can change, but E = K + U remains constant.
E = K + U
= W + U using K = W
= W + (-W) = 0 using U = -W

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 27

 Example: The simple pendulum

 Suppose we release a mass m from rest a distance h1

above its lowest possible point.
 What is the maximum speed of the mass and where
does this happen?
 To what height h2 does it rise on the other side?

h1 h2

v
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 28
 Example: The simple pendulum

 Kinetic+potential energy is conserved since gravity is a

conservative force (E = K + U is constant)
 Choose y = 0 at the bottom of the swing,
and U = 0 at y = 0 (arbitrary choice)

E = 1/2mv2 + mgy

h1 h2
y=0
v
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 29
 Example: The simple pendulum
 E = 1/2mv2 + mgy.
 Initially, y = h1 and v = 0, so E = mgh1.
 Since E = mgh1 initially, E = mgh1 always since energy is conserved.

y=0

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 30

 Example: The simple pendulum

 1
/2mv2 will be maximum at the bottom of the swing.
 So at y = 0 1
/2mv2 = mgh1 v2 = 2gh1

v  2 gh1

y = h1
h1
y=0
v
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 31
 Example: The simple pendulum

 Since E = mgh1 = 1/2mv2 + mgy it is clear that the maximum

height on the other side will be at y = h1 = h2 and v = 0.
 The ball returns to its original height.

y = h1 = h2

y=0

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 32

 Example: The simple pendulum Bowling

 The ball will oscillate back and forth. The limits on its
height and speed are a consequence of the sharing of
energy between K and U.

E = 1/2mv2 + mgy = K + U = constant.

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 33

 Example: The simple pendulum

 We can also solve this by choosing y = 0 to be at the

original position of the mass, and U = 0 at y = 0.

E = 1/2mv2 + mgy.

y=0
h1 h2

v
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 34
 Example: The simple pendulum
 E = 1/2mv2 + mgy.
 Initially, y = 0 and v = 0, so E = 0.
 Since E = 0 initially, E = 0 always since energy is conserved.

y=0

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 35

 Example: The simple pendulum

 1
/2mv2 will be maximum at the bottom of the swing.
 So at y = -h1 1
/2mv2 = mgh1 v2 = 2gh1

v  2 gh1
y
Same as before!

y=0
h1
y = -h1
v
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 36
 Example: The simple pendulum Galileo’s
Pendulum
 Since 1/2mv2 - mgh = 0 it is clear that the maximum height
on the other side will be at y = 0 and v = 0.
 The ball returns to its original height.

y=0

Same as before!

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 37

 Example: Airtrack & Glider

 A glider of mass M is initially at rest on a horizontal

frictionless track. A mass m is attached to it with a
massless string hung over a massless pulley as shown.
What is the speed v of M after m has fallen a distance d ?

v
M

d v

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 38

 Example: Airtrack & Glider Glider

 Kinetic+potential energy is conserved since all forces are conservative.

 Choose initial configuration to have U=0.

K = -U
1
m  M v 2  mgd
2
v
M

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 39

 Problem: Hotwheel

 A toy car slides on the frictionless track shown below. It

starts at rest, drops a distance d, moves horizontally at
speed v1, rises a distance h, and ends up moving
horizontally with speed v2.
 Find v1 and v2.

v2
d
v1 h

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 40

 Problem: Hotwheel...

 K+U energy is conserved, so E = 0 K = - U

 Moving down a distance d, U = -mgd, K = 1/2mv12
 Solving for the speed:

v1  2 gd

d
v1 h

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 41

 Problem: Hotwheel...

 At the end, we are a distance d - h below our starting point.

 U = -mg(d - h), K = 1/2mv22
 Solving for the speed:

v2  2 g d  h 

d-h v2
d
h

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 42

 Non-conservative Forces:

 If the work done does not depend on the path taken, the
force is said to be conservative.

 If the work done does depend on the path taken, the force
is said to be non-conservative.

 An example of a non-conservative force is friction.

 When pushing a box across the floor, the amount of
work that is done by friction depends on the path taken.
» Work done is proportional to the length of the path!

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 43

 Non-conservative Forces: Friction
 Suppose you are pushing a box across a flat floor. The mass of the box is m and the coefficient of kinetic friction is k.
 The work done in pushing it a distance D is given by:
Wf = Ff • D = -kmgD.

Ff = -kmg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 44

 Non-conservative Forces: Friction
 Since the force is constant in magnitude and opposite in direction to the displacement, the work done in pushing the box through an arbitrary path of length L is just
Wf = -mgL.
 Clearly, the work done depends on the path taken.

 Wpath 2 > Wpath 1

path 1

path 2
A

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 45

 Generalized Work/Energy Theorem:

 Suppose FNET = FC + FNC (sum of conservative and non-

conservative forces).

 The total work done is: WNET = WC + WNC

 The Work/Kinetic Energy theorem says that: WNET = K.

 WNET = WC + WNC = K
 WNC = K - WC

 But WC = -U

So WNC = K + U = E

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 46

 Generalized Work/Energy Theorem:

WNC = K + U = E

 The change in kinetic+potential energy of a system is equal to the work done on it by non-conservative forces. E=K+U of system not conserved!

 If all the forces are conservative, we know that K+U energy is conserved: K + U = E = 0 which says that WN C = 0, which makes sense.

 If some non-conservative force (like friction) does work,

K+U energy will not be conserved and WNC = E , which also makes sense.

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 47

 Problem: Block Sliding with Friction

 A block slides down a frictionless ramp. Suppose the horizontal

(bottom) portion of the track is rough, such that the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the track is k.
 How far, x, does the block go along the bottom portion of the
track before stopping?

d k

x
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 48
 Problem: Block Sliding with Friction...

 Using WNC = K + U
 As before, U = -mgd
 WNC = work done by friction = -kmgx.
 K = 0 since the block starts out and ends up at rest.
 WNC = U -kmgx = -mgd

x = d / k

d k

x
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 49
 Power Ladder

We have seen that W = F.rr
 This does not depend on time!

 Power is the “rate of doing work”: P  dW

dt

 If the force does not depend on

time: dW/dt = F.dr/dt = F.v P = F .v F

r
 Units of power: J/sec = N-m/sec = Watts

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 50

 Power

y
x
 A 2000 kg trolley is pulled up
a 30 degree hill at 20 mi/hr
by a winch at the top of the
hill. How much power is the
winch providing?

v
T
winch


mg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 51

 Power

The power is P = F.v = T.v
 Since the trolley is not accelerating, the net force on it must be zero. In the x direction:
 T - mg sin  = 0
 T = mg sin 

y
x
v
T
winch


mg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 52

 y
Power x
v
T

P = T .v = Tv
since T is parallel to v

 So P = mgv sin 

v = 20 mi/hr = 8.94 m/s

g = 9.81 m/s 2
m = 2000 kg
sin  = sin(30o) = 0.5

and P = (2000 kg)(9.81 m/s 2)(8.94 m/s)(0.5) = 87,700 W

winch


mg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 53