LEC # 4

• Source of information
The journal is Scentia Horticulture- w category journal.
Perhaps may be gold medalian or silver medalian.
It is of worth consideration.
• Elsevier - Publisher
I personally know this journal, it is quite reliable.
• If we look at the title we have 14 words.
• Then we have FLORA.
• We have the abstract and we can see that what has presented there
• What you come up after looking the title?
Last time we had maken some fragments of the title based on the logical connection between the words based on the title.
So we make combinations of the words that are logically connected, by doing this we can know the potential of the work what
could be
• If we look at the title,
It says Acetic acid-one word
Enhances- clear claim, evident claim
The tolerance of grapevines which is may be tolerance of bioyic stress or tolerance of abiotic stress,let is see what kind of stress
be there.
The type of plant, the specimen is specified which is grapevines.
NaHCO3 stress which is obviously( what NaHCO3 gave in a sol.-Na+ and HC03-)Na is the main target.
It may become toxic metal if it is beyond the certain concentration in the growing medium
It is the spite way of giving abiotic stress.
Spite means if you personally prepare solution or prepare some artificial source of abiotic stress
• NaHCO3 stress by increasing SA production- By the way it is the least recommended way of approaching the title.
SA if the abbrev. Is not universal that you are not recommended to use the abbrev. In the title b/c it may lead to the different
assumptions to the reader, SA leads to multiple assumption not the one conclusion. Although NaHCO3 is the abbrev. But it is
the universally recommended.
• While writing the title , you should not use least recommended or inevitable abbrev. Or unconfirmed.
• NaHCO3 is the recommended abbrev. By IUPAC but for SA we have confirm for what it stands.
• The title says
Acetic acid which enhances (clear claim) the tolerance of grape vines to ((next comes the type of abiotic stress, it also says
that plant is going to take stress, may be biotic or abiotic(will be clear when we move to the next part)).
To works as the connector, grape vines and NaHCO3. NaHCO3 is a salt which was added in the solution which leads to Na+
ions. It may also says that although
• Na is an toxic metal but when it is present above the threshold con. It act as the abiotic stress.
1. It may also affect the uptake of the other cations that are essential for the growth of the plant.
2. It competing/ hindering with other cations with the same charge (b/c of electrical properties).
• By increasing SA production in the plant.
• What the author is trying to say is that
We had the situation where we are trying to subject certain type of plant into an abiotic stress which is spite (means obviously
the experiment is going under control conditions, most likely not doing in the field).
We have the abiotic stress.
The type of plant is specified (Grape vines means we have different kinds of grapevines). The type of plant is specified
although we had different numbrs. The effect of that salt or the ions that salt yields are going to act as abiotic stress on the
that plant and then there is applied an stress alleviator. A stress alleviator is applied to alleviate the stress rendered by this salt
and relieving the plant from that stress by showing increased growth. The cause of stress on the specified plant is also
expressed in the title. The cause is that plant is able to produce SA that acts as alleviator which means plant is still showing
enhance growth although there is abiotic stress in the medium. Exgenous stress alleviator -SA

• This one phrase is actually letting us realizing that

what actually the study is about,
what could be the key conclusion of the study, what could the key aim of the study, potentially what could be the
methodology,
what could be the problem statement
• We can assume what could be the problem statement by looking at the title.
• Problem statement
 impulse behind the statement,
 that connect the real world issue,
 where the rational of the study could be accessed,
 how you justify the conductiong of study under the control,
 what could be the practical implication, potential rational of current study which mean why the study was conducted.
• Problem statement in this phrase is that growing grape vine in saline soil is challenge.
• Owing this problem in the real world, the authors might has picked this topic
LETS RELATE THE OUTCOME OF THIS STUDY TO THAT SITUATION
• The situation was that saline soil do effect the growth of the plants in a reduced way. There is also the need of the stress
alleviator.
• Applying Acetic acid as stress alleviator lead to increase in the growth of the plants in the presence of Na+.
• This also says that applying acetic acid to the plants increases the SA conc. Within the plant and that enabled the plant
to survive in the presence of Na+.
• One of the outcome would be that ,take acetic acid, apply to the plant that are not showing the healthy growth in the
saline soil,
• based on the claim/enhances we may take 1 learning outcome that apply acetic acid as stress alleviator and then we can
have increase growth even in the saline soil.
• These all are the assumptions that we figure out from the title.
WHEN WE LOOK AT THE ELABORATED TEXT GIVEN IN THE ABSTRACT
• Segmatized into IMRAD
• At what part we end with the Introduction part, means the backguard statement that leads to the aim of the study, problem
statement leading to the aim of study.
• It starts with To, remember that the statement that starts with To describes you sth that is aim at.
• We always write aims and objectives starting with:
S.T in the aim we don’t use to but necessarily in the objective we use To.
• We always open the objective with:
Bulleted phrase that starts with word To
Numbered phrase (To)
• Commonly aim is written in the form of the sentence (you mostly see in the ROL).
• Here abstract opens with To.
• To demonstrate the role of acetic acid (just move background what we have assumed there).
• 3 is the typo mistake.
AND REVEAL THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM
• What kind of mechanism, this would lead to access you the potential paremeters and what kind of selected
dependent or independent variables selected by the authors in this article.
• THE ALKALI TOLERANT ROOTSTOCK AB11
Rootstock (cutting that has some roots in it that has been taken as the starting plant). That specific starting plant is
tolerant to alkali. Means reported (already approved) hyper commulator of alkali.
• Screening is done if the work on grapevines is done for the first time, which type or cultivor is tolerant to alkaline
growth medium.
• AB11 kind of rootstock # or cultivar # to identify it as tolerant to those that are not tolerant.
SPLIT ROOT SYSTEM
• You are trying to make access to two different media by splitting total roots in certain segments.
WAS USED IN THIS STUDY
• Giving the idea about the aim and methodological approach.
• Art of writing the statement.

Aims and methodological approach in 1 sentence.

THE CONTENT OF ACETIC ACID WAS LARGLY INCREASED-- outstanding results( key outcome of the study that renforce at
the same answer the hypothesis and lead to develop the conclusion,)
• Results with nonsignificant outcome/ non outstanding results ( considerable difference is not there in selected variables,
when you analyze the data you come to point that certain parametres are not different from others).
• From the bunch of results, you pick up those results that reply your hypothesis at the same lead to develop concrete
conclusion in next section.

• A bit of info. About experimental design (selected independent variables ) is given that is connected with results.
• The production of acetic acid is considered as outcome.
• 25mM
• Skill gap/skill collection
LEC # 5
Manuscript
• Highlights (key information is present)
• Title, abstract are the key parts that give info about whole text.
• Soil salinization is a global environmental problem that imparts a great
negative impact on crop growth, yield and quality and thereby severely
limits the development of global agricultural production.
• If we open the yang document we can see that following text is written
Nuclear-localized AtHSPR links abscisic acid-dependent salt tolerance
and antioxidant defense in Arabidopsis
• Canidiate plant is Arabidopsis, link is develop between abscisic acid and
anti oxidiant.
• The text written in the current document is creditd to the source info.
Written in 2016 that gives info about the stress tolerant and a gene.
(looking its compatible)( extent of compatibility is that source file is
moving to moving to molecular site while current document is moving
towards scenario that is generalized , figures, how much area is
specified, salinized area)
• We cannot find the info written in current exactly to the source file.
• No one give wrong/ undue credition to someone else.
• They can give credition to someone from where they bought info.
• The first sentence is without author citation.
• 2nd sentence is credited to certain source.
• 1st statement is statement that some how describes the core info.
• We generally look ate the theme, core info written not the verbatim
• Verbatum is actually the how exactly the source info written and how exactly people quote it.
• Derving info from source file and writing in a new version by paraphrasing .
• Derived form = current form
• Source file = from which it is borrow
• Whenever we credit a sentence or piece of info of our manuscript to s.o or pre existing source we only do it by driving
info significantly and in compatibility with the source file .
• If the theme is same, if the core conclusion of the sentence is same (core conclusion of current form of sentence and
core conclusion from the source file is same) then we need to give the due citation.
• Otherwise, paraphrasing input is actually from the current authors but message hidden in the sentence is actually
belonging to some otherscientist.
• Why are you giving the citation?
• B/c current authors are trying to put endorsements behind their argument.,
trying to give ref. that what they are writing here is belonging to some
another source already passed/ approved through OPR process.
• Every time we have info belonging to the source fie conclusion, so we give
due citation if not it means that this info. Is written by your self and have no
backup to scientists of previous time. This makes your claim vague/ less
acceptable.
• b/c of this reason , the authors of current document would prefer to give
citation to a source about a sentence( they have the core statement from
s.o)
• We need to have criteria to give citation to s.o
• If you copy or paste, you will not not find the sent. b/c you have paraphrase it.
• Paraphrase has 2 things,
• 1. that core info given in the source is similar to the core info given in the current document.
• 2. the word matching of the source file and the current file is absolutely avoided.
• What is criteria to give credit to s.o in the document?
• If you have borrowed the core information from the source file, no doubt you are present that borrowed info. In your
own version.
• Copy and paste does not move your document forward.
• Driving the synthetic form( from generalized to a very specific section and lead to a conclusion based on this section) of
sentence
• This is the issue, this is the main form of issue, this the approach to solve this issue.
• IN ROL:
What is not done.
What is the actual problem
Worth consideration problem
The main component of is what.
• They put citation in defense of their approach.
• In ROL, they try to tell that the problem that they are giving really exists.
• JUSTIFYING WHY THIS STUDY IS DONE is defined in ROL/intro come ROL.
• To do this, we firstly define the main info. As a general that we try to pick
the certain components of the main problem. Then we define why these
components are important, or they unaddressed, partially addressed or
are they not addressed.
• Author justify why they pick this study, to assess it they give the back
guard knowledge of the study.
• 1 way of reputing the journel is the I.F.
ROL
• 1 qualitative indicator of a journal is I.F.
• Way of assessing the I.F is:
Circulation
Submission to the retention ratio
Retention to submission ratio(How many submissions are made all
around the world)
Issue
Also how many articles are rejected
ROL
• Journal would least accept the repitative form of information about
the title, about the research ideas that is repeated reported but the
current information is the revised form of that. The journal simply
says that it lacks novelty.
• Some journals have 100 word limit to write the statement of the
novelty.
• WHY AUTOHRS GIVE CITATIONS TO 2 DIFFERENT SOURCES
• Intrapassage coherence= cohesion (relationship b/w sentences within
paragraph)
• Cherence = Inter passage coherence (undera certain title, tho no. of
passages written in support the of certain heading, how info is
transited from 1 sentence to another within para and how is it
transited from 1 para to another)
• THE QUERIES OF WHY WE WRITE ROL
LEC 6
HOW TO WRITE INTRO AND ROL
SEPARATELY
• 1st ly in intro. We introduce the study.
• I recommend to write the intro after doing the study means you after
writing the conclusion b/c by doing this certain research questions are
answered.
• After outstanding results and key conclusions of the study, write
coclusion b/c s.o read the manuscript from top to bottom.
• So your 1st intro should be detailed/ comphrehensive and gattering all
the info., answering all the questions like what are research
questions, what is problem statement, answers to the research
questions, what assumptions have you to answers the hypothesis.
• To say this at the top, we should decide what our study about.
• Results: outcome of the whole study. M and methods leads to the
results.
• Title give you key idea of the whole study/ what would thinking about
aims and objective, what would be the intro, s.t gives you 2 sentences
1 giving info about intro second one leads to the methodological
approach and results ..all based on assumptions.
• Abstract: Sepate 4 sections. Detailed sentences not phrases. S.o
starting with aim and obj. s.o give backguard statement about aim
and objective.
• Mostly results are written in response to aims and objective of abstract b/c curiosity
of reader is at peak.
• The propability of citations increases when no. of downloads increases.
• In introduction, this put you in scenario what mades you to select this study/ gives
you idea about the main problem statement/ which main component are the author
focusing on/the component of study that you are selecting is it worth or not which
means already it is done or not. There we put several citation ensuring that the
component on which author is targeting is not yet done. Here we put citation of back
guard research. To justify why we are doing, is this worth doing, how much is it novel.
• In the final part of intro, we conclude the study that here the current study is about
this this, here are the objectives of this study.
• When reader read the intro. His potential of knowing is at peak.
• In m and methods, the idea about everything is given, the approaches how to
achive the aims and objectives.
• What authors has done, gives every detail in the materials and methods chapter.
• M and methods is nothing but answers to 5 Ws.
• In m and methos, there is special sequence, what order the info. Is presented.
Based on this sequence, the result chapter is devised.
• In the result the flow of info. Is in the seq. As in the m and methods.
• Why? In m and methods, you give idea about we did this, this and then comes
the curiosity what happens. After this there comes the compilation of
observation>>>data .
• You go to the next chapter that compiles the observations that is
results.
• The activities That are compiled in the m and methods are compiled
in the same seq. in the results.
• The compilation of certain activities of m and methods may be
present in the results in one visual means that they are present under
1 heading but the seq. is same as in the material and methods.
• Results compile our data, in botany we mostly deal with the
quantitative data.
• When we select quantitative variables, we select some numeric
values that vary as the quantitative data vary.
• Wrong approach >>>>aiming at big target but lacking the data.
• FLORA is nothing but your original work.
• Intro is editorial part.
• Origional data makes the manuscript flora.
• Discussion is the mix of results and editorial board.
• Result is only the section that Is absolutely orgional if it is written as
separate ch.
• If it is written as combined ch. (results+ discussion), then there is mix
of info. In results you are putting origionA data but defending our
results you put evidences of previously done work by paraphrasing.
• Editing is sec job b/c you editing s.o info to justify your work.
• Backbone chapter >>>>>RESULTS.
• There is no standing of FLORA if it has no results.
• This is the ch. That makes the manuscript FLORA.
• All the book chapters belong to the editor of that chapters.
• All the review aticles belong to the editor not the authors.
• R.A have ref. of 100 while FLORA has ref. of 30-40.
• Ref is an indicator where original content is are where the edited
content is present.
• In the discussion , it is the preferable approach to put your original
data rather than putting comparison data with due citation.
• Put the aims and objectives that are hardly thinked by the average
researchers. Pick the theories
• Zenobiotic components are piling in the environment.
• Containment/Contaminant/Pollutant
• Copy the title, copy the material and methods….lec 6 in word doc.
(from where we will know what is the outline of study.)
• The heading of results is bigger b/c they are combining the multiple
visuals in 1 heading.
LEC # 7
Results:
• How to begin results:
We should had an outline.
We commonly borrow statements from materials and methods.
We should keep the flow of coherence as the flow of coherence in
materials and methods.
Materials and methods
• What you did
• How you did
• Curosity is at the peak as you write the certain methods what will the
outcome
• The seq. of knowing what you done in the materials and methods comes
up with the output.
• In the result section we merge certain headings of materials and methods.
• Study site, climatic condition, you may be trying to put the reviewer in the
scenario under what circumstances you did the research carried out is
written in materials and methods not in results.
• Surveys and sampling >>>>materials and methods.
• They disappear in results.
• Heading containing certain set of variables((selected independent
variables (experimental design), growth parameters in response to
certain certain selected independent variables(idea about the
selected dependent variables))). They may be merged in 1 heading
while writing the results. Reason …obviously when we write a visual
always selected independent variables are plotted against the
selected dependent variables. Then the visual is written under 1
heading that is describing the certain visual.
Relationship must between:
• Heading>>>>text>>>>visual.
Why are we in a position to design the heading of the results in a effective way
before doing work?
Once you finalized your materials and methods and start the research, you develop
the data collection sheets, once you design the data collection sheets, obviously you
are going to derive the visual based on that layout. The layout that has been followed
in developing the data collection sheets is actually lead to a situation that enables
you to think about how many and what kind of visual are going to appear in a certain
heading of results.
• Collection sheets are developed after partially the materials and methods develop.
• Don’t put the open ended study.
• If you really plan the research on a page(this could will made the steps of
materials and methods).The you will come up with the quantitative
confinement that are then placed in the results section.
• Final title is given when 70 percent of work is passed.
• 3 options for title.
• Vague part of the study>>> heading with un appropriate outline.
• Title analyzed by DDPC with supporting outline of 150-200
words((backguard study leading to the aim of the study (brief abut
comphrehensed statement, impulse behind the study ,what made you to
select this study ), proposed methodological approach( what you may do
rather then what you came up with results), anticipated key words(key
rationale of study, deliverability) of the study, results are not described))
• Then the proposed title follows the verbatim.
DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS:
• 1st ly develop the effective outline.
• We try to make the heading compatible with the outline of the data
and visuals.
• Under heading we develop the derived visual means it is visual
developed after compilation of data, application of certain necessary
descriptive statistics, after analysis of data. inferentional
statistics( which after application leads to the derivation of conclusive
information from the data )(not final but a kind of statistics that is
conclusive itself).
Origional research is all about (convert the info into due knowledge)
• Derived visual is into visual like tables, figures. Plates.
• cover page , dedication , approval letter/ declaration certificate,
acknowledgements, list of abbrev./list of acronym, table of contents,
list of tables, list of figures, list of plates, CH#1
• Brief form >>>abbrev….DDPC
• Detailed form >>>>acronym….doctoral programme
• Alphabatically arranged
Outline of thesis how to have a right
approach, how to ensure the effective
management throughout the course
• CH#2 Literature review
Where ever you come up with new info. You can just write it in the particular file as in the case introduction.
• CH#3 materials and methods
Brain waves in the mind when your are at the initial level.
Organized approach must be at day 1 not the scattered one.
Effective start with effective management.
10 FLORA and 5 review articles.
• CH#4 Results
• CH#5 Discussions
Semi applied to applied.
Recommendations is for semi applied to applied.
Future aspects are for future researchers that leads them to a particular point.
Recommendations and future aspects are not separate chapters.
References
Annexure (long recipe, lots of media, hydroponics hougland sol., detail of a recipe as an independent
annexure).
List of published articles ( in phD must be present).
• Effective management approach.
• Visual has compiled, summarized and analyzed the data.
1. Significant different or different results.
1,2,5>>>> not different.
We compile data to approach to inferencial statistics.
We compile the variables and derive the variable based on the central
tendency or dispersive statistics.
Values>>>> mean ±S.D
Summarize the values.
Summary (to make brief).
• 2 variables to compare >>>>single factor.
• Probability of omicrown …vaccinated or non vaccinated….symptoms…
temp(dependent variable)…avg. ±S.D…whether the vaccination is effective or not…
• Vitality of all the the statistics.
• For most of statistics, we apply the T test.
• 3 types of T test.
• We have to asses which T should apply.
• We have to asses the dispersion of data (whether data is normally distributed or
acute). Normal distribution of data(Data intervals and the sampling site, certain
grades of GPA>>>4.0 >>>>excellent, Percentage>>>>GPA range>>>>grade
code>>>>descriptive of grades 4 interval classes of data evaluation….how many
students obtain 4 GPA…sample size)
• If data intervals and sample size are plotted in 2 dimensions, you will have certain
bars…once you apply the trend line above the bar.
• On x-axis we put the data intervals
• In normal distribution of data, trendline is present.
Requirement of normal distribution of data:
• Mean value which is actually indicator of central value of data would present in
middle and the distance of the value above the mean and bellow the mean is
same and the no. of values above and bellow is equal in data intervals. Either
there is no deviation or the deviation is too small.
• If mean does not fall in the middle , then there is no central tendency of data.
• Positive S.D values gives the distance of values above the mean and negative S.D
values gives the values below the mean.
• Distance of values is determined by the dispersiveness of data that is computed
by the standard deviation.
WHAT KIND OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS MUST BE APPLIED IN THE GIVEN EXAMPLE:
We have 4 variables/treatments but have 1 factor…T test would not be applicable.
With vaccination and without vaccination …2 variables …under effect of vaccination or under
control….we are comparing the values of outcomes….in that scenario… T test could be applied.
Once we know that T test is applicable, we must know which type of T test should be applied.
For that we further analyzed the situation…
1. we check whether data is normally distributed or not…
2. Whether the sample size in both groups is same or not.
3. Whether the data is on ordinal scale preferably at regular intervals or not (the scale that
has order like pH scale, GPA scale).
4. We have to check the variance within th group, if the varience of 1 group is quite similar to
varience of other group or not similar …if data is normally distributed>>>>the S.D would
be same as the lower and upper intervals of data (upper side would having positive sign
and lower side having negative sign).here asses the variants of data around the mean
within the group. It shows that data is normally distributed or not. If not normally
distributed, the value start increasing. In statistics we have very clear values.
• Deviation is actually give the dispersiveness of data around the mean.
• S.D -------------------
• Mean is actually the central tendency of the data.
• Mean is derived value that lies in the middle of data.
• The maximum and minimum values are the terminal values.
• 1st to apply the T test we must consider the dispersive statistics.
LEC 10
CH#4. Results
• Effective and possible visuals for compilation, presentation, and
description of results.
• How do we develop data sheets
• How we compile data
• How we summarize data
• Then we apply related statistics
Based on these we develop the derived visual (which is self explanatory
and having summarized and analyzed data not raw data or data
collected at first site in original form).
• Conclusion : the information based on data that could be taken out to support
your hypothesis or component of hypothesis, objective or component of
objective or component of aim from which you are presenting the data.
• Rational, significance, aims and objective >>>>title
• When we describe visual, we actually consider which component of aims and
objective in the support of the which we are describing the visual.
• Activities in the materials and methods are ignored in the visual like surveys,
sampling, analysis of samples…we just present the data in the visual which is in
the support of the component of aims or objectives or hypothesis under
consideration.
• Which visual is to be presented at first, for this we make a hierchial preference,
we give preference to the central most relevant form of data.
• Preference must be relevant to the aims, objective and hypothesis under
consideration.
• Effective derived visual has obviously lots of provisions for description.
• Significant difference >>>where values are truly different.
• Truly different >>>treatment comparison, effects of some
independent variables on the dependent variables, significance
difference in the data.
• Ppm could be ppm/g, ppm/l
• Effects of heavy metals on growth of the plants.
• Ppm is the misleading unit.
• 5ppm Cr from a salt Chromium sulphate (we divide the hydrate wt. by
Cr wt. , that wt. dissolve in 1 litre that would yield 1 molar sol.)
• 1st know the formula then hydration content, how much hydrates
1,2,6 whatever.
• Numeric values lead to close ended information not the subjective
information.
• The value which is really different from the other value is called
significantly different in statistics language.
• That can be determined if you apply relevant, appropriate test.
• Single factor or 2 factor.
• 1 direction comparison of treatments >>>>single factor with multiple
comparable treatment >>>>will not move to T test>>>move towards…
• Numerics led to whether this is same or not.
• Mean value is the say value of data.
• Mean analysis >>>>t test(2 comparable treatments in the same
factor)>>>>1 way ANOVA
• ANOVA >> Analysis of varients.
• When you are comparing means ,you are analyzing means with other sets of means
under consideration.
• ANOVA>>>> best way to compare the means>>> we are doing the analysis of varience
of mean in 1 way direction either in horizontal and vertical way.
• 2 modes of description of results
• 1.Inferential 2. descriptive
• Inferential >>>>we are trying to deduce the conclusion.
• Descriptive >>> we are trying to describe features of sth. Within a visual.
• Descriptive>>> the mean value of this variable is different from other, the highest
value of plant height was observed in this particular plant and lowest in this particular
plant.
• Inferential >>>> when you try to assess the treatments effects and try to respond the
questions under consideration or try to respond the assumption/ hypothesis or the
component of these all parts of the manuscript while converting the information in
conclusive way of writing.
• Lowest growth obs in ___ plant >>>not comparison.
• If we say greater then>>>>comparative scenario.
• Both modes can be opted but dependes upon the reults how to write the
description of the results.
• Developing results CH separately >>>descriptive mode.
• In Disscussion CH, inferential mode is opted as we are extracting the ifo.
from results and take them as premise in discussion.
• Results and discussion in 1 Ch
• Describe the results in inferential form, do the discussion by defending
the results.
• Whatever the mode, the opening statement of results lead to the
visuals , after that the upcoming statements are described based on the
visual.
• The variation in plant height in response to Cr as 5mg/l is given in
table 5.1. >>>>> premise of the sentence that describes the 1st visual
of the results.
• After that,
• there must be the text,
• straight way to give the key points
nn
• Sizeable contents within a paragraph.
• Basic art of writing.
• Which information is to put at the top (aims and objective)
• Logical duability
• Hyperaccumulator or most tolerant plants.
• Topmost statement
• Descriptive >>>plants show more tolerance at 5ppm/l of Cr.
• Inferential>>> screening trial at 5ppm/l of Cr indicated that plant 4 is
hyperaccumulator of Cr>>>>conclusion (hyperaccumulator has no 1
feature but has multiple features).
• It could be more preferable to put the conclusive statement at the top
then put the , described in table ____.
LEC # 11
How to summarize data
• If data set is large ,apply appropriate descriptive statistics.
• Dispersion of data
• All the facts related to descriptive statistics.
• 1 fact about mean is that is that mean value is the value that is not
present in the data set.
• Outcome of descriptive value.
• Arthimetic facts ,,,basic facts…barrence GRE book.
• Weinghing balance can weighed the sample up to 0.001.
• Purity level of measurements>>> confounding.
• Stock >>>direct physical waying of observation.
• Upper sensitivity range ,opt. range, lower s.R
• Every device should work at opt. sensitivity range.
• Dust on the fan >>adsorption , physical sorption.
• Washing clothes.
• inc your caliber/ no doubt in basic concept.
• Normal composition /scientific composition.
• Must be creative in scientific composition >>>easy.
• Role of journalism >>> normal approach.
• Universal dumbs >>> universal essays.
• Recollect the knowledge , get it organize , put it on the page, convey
to audience in max. easier way.
• Sigma >>>sum of all the values.
• PMDES
• 1st do parenthesis then exponents.
• X >>otigional value
• X bar >>>avg. value.
• Sum of sq. values are used in ANOVA >>> input values in ANOVA.
• Was, is, are >>equal.
• Of >>>multiply.
LEC 12
• TRA>>> Aims and objectives >>> hypothesis >>> key observations/data
(summarized/ analyzed)>>> key findings / results(inferential .
Descriptive)>>>discussion
• Obj. are kind of statements that try to imply sth. that is close ended
• A statement that is describing sth. That you target at in a way that statement is
close ended (we can assess the meaning which is most probable 1 meaning).
• Obj. type statements are somewhat logical to data as we have seen in the sense
of quantitative data (no. are absolute, not lead to subjective scenario, lead to 1
scenario that is actually monomeaning)
• we should try to imply obj. statement in a way that it may lead to sth. At which
we are targeted at and we present it in a way that is analogic to quantitative
data.
• We try to potray in a objective statement that is somewhat fact that you target
at.
• Statement describe the words very clearly.
• In hypothesis, kind of statements that we assume , driven by
assumption but in case of objective statement , you do a promise ith
the research administration organization (manuscript, grant proposal).
• In phd objective become technical CH/heading of a technical CH
within a thesis.
• Under a obj. we may have a hypothesis or a no. of hypothesis which is
tentative assumption that yu would test through experiment or you
can record it in the form of preferably data.
• Data is of no use unless passed through summarization by applying
the appropriate descriptive statistics.
• Conversion of data in the form of derived no. which is the outcome of
the descriptive statistics. Derived values are say values on behalf of
original data.
• After summarization we do analyzed it by applying some relevant
statistics.
• After this you describe the key findings which is your results section.
• In many journals this is put at the end of draft.
• Materials and methods become sec. in the journals which has more
circulation, more demand per yr.(they reduce their no. range so they
try to present it in a different way.)
• In nature, 1. novel idea ( 1 and half page).
• Relevant data >>> which type of dependent and independent
variables are took for testing the hypothesis and achieving the set
objective.
• High quality ROL can guide about the parameters you select.
• Based on the dependent / independent variables you can develop
data collection sheets.
• Once the data is summarized/ analyzed you draw visual.
• Table/ graph/plate.
• Data graphics .. In support of data graphics they put the plate.
• Criteria to describe the results.
• Priority in based on the significant findings from a total set of findings
that is best describing your headings.
The main idea is written at the top most.
• In the intro. You are almost editorial in your approach.
• Materials and methods, kind of editor.
• Inferential mode of writing
• descriptive\
• Descriptive + inferential
Discussion
• Derived from to discuss.
• More than 11 possibilities to open up discussion.
• Elaboration /explaining our results to make them logically accepted.
• Data is not under our control but designing / selecting the variables is
under our control.
• Data is random probability.
• What data implies ( 1st we have to assess it, then give logical
justification).
• To give logical justification, we opt defensive/offensive mode.
• The WHY part of significant findings is the discussion.
• Discussion >>>sole of manuscript
• Data >>> heart of manuscript.
• Loss of function / pupose >>>losing purpose.
• If you plenty of data, lots of statistics not able to logically defend your
data is like losing purpose.
• None of parametric don’t exceed 4 months.
LEC 13
• 10 possibilities to open the research
1. explained
2. Develop relationship
3. Justify
4. Compare
5. Contrast
6. Compare and contrast
7. Commentary
8. Historical prospective/ comparison
9. Deduce
10. Derivimg inference
11. Deriving conjectures
12. Argumentational
• In case of discussion , we talk about data that happens by chance.
• We try to develop possible factual reasoning for that data.
• We can use certain sections in discussion that exhibits the different
scenerios.
• these terms are helpful in developing scenerios and differing it from
other scenerios.
• Weinging balance and weighing scale >>> blance..determine mass.
Scale >> weight.
• These terms can be used in more than 1 approach.
• Words that describe the Conditional scenario >>>uncertain scenario.
• Words that describe factual scenario >>> certain scenario.
• Perhaps >>> say sth. With caution and claim.
• Discussion >>> jirah.
• Researchers have kind of cros talk with editors and reviewers for giing
factual reasoning for a data.
• In discussion you try to convince the audience about collected results not
agreeing.
• Critics raised the question and suggesting the possible ways to overcome
the problems.
• When you open the scenario you must have results and then give the
possible reasoning.
• Support your reasoning with evidences.
• Results
• Reasoning
• Support your reasoning with evidences.
• Evidence could be literature based.
• Latest primary literature upto 4 yr from now.
• Quality of journal and publisher >>> reliability of literature.
• Results are put only in inferential forms.
• Inferential statements from the results are taken as premise in writing the
discussion.
• In discussion 1st is to develop outline, we write inferential statements in each
paragraph of the results.
• You borrow the outline from results from materiles and methods in writing the
discussion.
• Delete all the visuals in discussion.
• Keep the text, keep the heading , del the visual, rephrase each paragraphs( you
need to convert the descriptive mode of writing of results in inferential.
• Draw as many inferential statement from results, del the headings.
• Keep the inferential statements as independent sentences.
• All the list of inferential stat. are outline of discussion.
• Consider each inferential stat. logically and analytically.
• Giving the factual resoning and pick the possible scenario for that
satements.
• Factual reasoning is given after inferential statements. Support your
reasoning by evidences from the literature.give the citation and ref. at
the end of CH.
• keep updating your citations right at the spot.
• Ref. management software.
• Discussion CH is always start with possible outline.
• Summarizing your described results in conclusive statements (point of
start of discussion CH).
• Compare and constrast >> expanding your paragraph.
• In discussion , heading are rarely present.
• It is an holistic CH.
• Explain and justify >>> normally have not ciations and they are original
work.
• Citation containing statements >>> evidences.
• Perhaps >>> could be, might be , may be.
• Appropriate use age of words and punctuation marks.
• Brief but comphrehensive sentences.
• However, between, compare to >>> 2 parts.
• If you have less knowledge about these words and punctuation marks you
are actually creating aronious statements instead of wrong statements.
• Factual statements >>> is, was, wre, must be, b/c of.
• Cautional , conditional, factual words lead to a certain scenario.
LEC 14
Certain points about discussion have not
explained
• Don’t retreate/redescribe the results statements in discussion.
• Try to draw implications from the results.
• Implications are the main conclusions /non explicasive
compliments(still conditional/cautious in terms of claiming ultimate
findings).
• Conditional and factual are 2 different or opposite things.
• Least or no doubts >>> explicasive conclusions.
• Cautious / those conclusions where you are conditional.
• we move to results statements for supporting our arguments/logical
reasoning.
• In discussion we may deviate from actual points b/c when we discuss
sth./logical reasoning for the finding you have >>> purposeful
reasoning.
• Describe results >>> features of data.
• Charles law
• 2 ways of explaining it.
• You may values of pressure, vol.
• You may have certain values of temp. and volume.
• Inc. in pressure , dec. in vol.>>> descriptive statement.
• Time base values of pressure, time base values of vo.
• So inc. In pressure, there is dec. in vol.
• Pressure is inversely propotional to vol.>>> inferential statement.
• This is logical reasoning of the results.
• Plot against each other( you have pressure as an independent variable
along x axis against vol.).
• When we plot, then we have propotinate results , value of 1 variable
inc. , other dec.
• R2 value >>>0.999.>>>coefficient.
• You prefer to develop results in line graph then bar graph or pie graph
or table.
• When you are describing features of resuts actually you are describing
features of data after applying relevant statistics.
• Nutshell of data >>> when you apply descriptive statistics / analytical
statistics.
• You can find significance of results in the light of objective /
hypothesis.
• Hypothesis >>> the vol. of fluid does not remain constant rather
varies with the external conditions (is it proved or disapproved)
• Hypothesis >>> if vol. of fluid remain constant it shouldnot change it
should not change with the change in the shape and size.
• Fluids cant be kespt open.
• Some dynamic properties that doesnot reamin constant.
• Lets design valid experimental methods.
• We choose different shapes and sizes.
• 100 ml container , 500 mil container , 1000 ml container.
• 3 replicates of each of the vol..
• Cube, rectangle, sphere
• Vol. of all these container made compatible with the vol. of the fluids
we are taking.
• 100 ml container of cube shape, 100 ml of rectangle shape, 100 ml of
sphere shape then there 3 replicates.
• Assumption >>> vol. does not remain constant.
• 100ml >>> treatment in the factor of volume.
• 100ml , 500ml, 1000ml >>>vol. factor.
• Container vol. factor, container shape factor.
• Triplicate existence.
• Stickiness of fluid on the walls of container >>>extraneous variable.
• Container open or covered with some material >>> confounding
variable.
• Treatment interaction >>> interaction of vol. of container with the
shape of container.
• Single factor comparison >>> 1 way variation. >>>1 way anova.
• Effect of 3 variations at 1 time (effect of shape and vol on the fluids)
>> variance of variables in 2 direction >>> 2 way anova.
• Relating effects of more then 3 variables (shapes, size, volume type,
liquid type)>>> doing comparsions in 3 or more then 3 directions >>>
monova( multi directional analysis of varience).
• Summarize >>> analyze >>> whether significant or not.
1 set of variabes.
• Shape effect the vol >>> no
• Size effect the vol.>>> no.