Introduction To Maritime Career Handouts 4

MAR05P-1 INTRODUCTION TO MARITIME CAREER HANDOUTS # 4
Lesson 3: Explain the ship’s Nomenclature, Dimensions, and Terminologies for General Directions
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HULL: The body of the ship, including shell plating, framing, decks, bulkheads.
Hull is known as the foundation of the ship. It withstands extremely harsh
climatic and weather conditions.
Hull should be designed in such a way that it is not affected by the
different
forces that acts on it while the ship is sailing. In this article we will have a look at
different hull designs.
Keel, in shipbuilding, the main structural member and backbone of a ship,

running longitudinally along the centre of the bottom of the hull from stem to
stern
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BOW: The forward end

of the vessel
• Ships with fuller forms
have high wave
breaking resistance,
and this element
which eats away your propulsive efficiency, can be greatly reduced by using a
Bulbous Bow with a sharply downward tapering water-plane.
• These Bows also allow a better recovery of energy by the propeller as energy
losses due to vortices at the fore end are minimized.
STERN: The after or the back end of the vessel
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DECK: A part of a ship corresponding to the floor of a building
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ACCOMMODATION: A room, group of rooms, or building in which someone may

live or stay.
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ACCOMMODATION LADDER
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GANGWAY-
• The equipment that is used to help a person get into (embark) and get out
(disembark) of a ship or a boat is known as a gangway.
• Technically, the gangway is like a ramp which is smooth and sloping.
• In ships, gangways are mainly used by passengers or crew to enter or exit the ship
and are sometimes also used for loading and unloading cargo.
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BRIDGE, NAVIGATING:
A deck from which the ship is navigated.
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COFFERDAM:
A narrow vacant space between two
bulkheads. A double watertight
bulkhead.
A ship's hold or cargo hold is a space for carrying cargo.
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• The engine room of a motor vessel typically contains several engines for different
purposes.
• Main, or propulsion engines are used to turn the ship's propeller and move the
ship through the water.
• They typically burn diesel oil or heavy fuel oil, and may be able to switch between
the two.
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Fairleads, Chocks, Bitts, Bollards And Dolphins
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Fairleads: are welded directly on to the ship’s hull structure. Fairleads have a roller
attached to them to guide mooring wires to winches for the correct lead. Pedestal
Fairleads are commonly found on modern day ships to guide a mooring lines lead
between the chock and the winch. Universal Fairleads were widely used ships
earlier in lieu of chocks.
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Bollards: are generally referred to short

posts on the quay / jetty used to secure
Ship’s Mooring Lines.
A single bitt on ships may also be referred
to as a bollard around which the eye of
the rope is attached.
Oil Tankers have special bollards in the
manifold areas called cruciform bollards
which are used for securing / supporting
flexible hoses for cargo operations.
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STERN
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B. SHIP DIMENSION
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Measurement Treaty
• All aspects concerning the measurements of seagoing vessels are arranged in the
certificate of registry act of 1982.
• Part of the certificate of registry act is the International treaty on the
measurement of ships, as set up by the IMO conference in 1969.
• The treaty applies to seagoing vessels with a minimum length of 24 meters
and came into force in July 1994.
1. Perpendicular
Line perpendicular to another line or
plane (for instance the water line). On a ship there are:
• Fore Perpendicular (FPP, or FP) This line crosses the intersection of the water line
and the front of the stem.
• Aft Perpendicular (APP, or AP): This line usually aligns with thecenterline of the
rudder stock (the imaginary line around which the rudder rotates).
2. Load Line
The water line of a ship lying in the
water. There are different load lines
for different situations, such as:
• Light water line : The water
line of a ship carrying only
her regular inventory.
• Deep water line : The water
line of maximum load
draught in seawater.
3. Water line
The load line at the summer mark as
calculated in the design of the ship by the ship builder.
• Construction water line (CWL) : The water line used to determine the dimensions
of the various components from which the vessel is constructed.
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4. Deck line: Extended line from the topside of the fixed deck covering at the ship's side.
5. Moulded dimensions: Distance between two points, measured on inside plating (or
outside framing).
6. Base Line: Top of the keel.
7. Plimsoll Mark:
The Plimsoll mark or Freeboard mark is a symbol indicating the maximum immersion of
the ship in the water, leaving a minimum freeboard for safety.
• The mark consist consist of a circle with a diameter of 300 mm., through which a
horizontal line is drawn with its upper edge going through the centre of the circle.
• This level indicates the minimum freeboard in salt water summer conditions.
• Beside the circle is a number of horizontal lines indicating the minimum
freeboard as above.
•Summer freeboard: S.
Other conditions:
• Tropical: T, Winter: W,
Fresh (water):
• F, Tropical Fresh: TF, and for small ships, less than 100m: Winter North Atlantic:
WNA.
8. Breadth (B): The greatest moulded breadth,

measured from side to side outside the frames, but inside the shell plating.
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9. Breadth over all: The maximum breadth of the ship as measured from the outer hull
on starboard to the outer hull on port side.
10. Trim” The difference between the draught at the stem and the draught at the stern.
• Down and trimmed by the head: If the draft is larger at the stem, than at the
stern.
• Down and trimmed by the stern: If the draft is larger at the stern, than at the
stem.
• On an even keel, in proper trim: The draft of the stern equals the draft of the
stem.
11. Sheer:
This is the upward rise of a ship's deck from amidships towards the bow and stern. The
sheer gives the vessel extra reserve buoyancy at the stem and the stern.
12. Camber:
Gives the athwart-ships curvature of the weather deck. The curvature helps ensure
sufficient drainage.
13. Rise of floor:

Unique to some types of vessels like tugboats and fishing boats. This is the upward rise
of the lower edges of the floors from the keel towards the bilges.
14. Tumblehome: The inward curvature of the side shell above the summer load line.
15. Flare: The outward curvature of the side shell above the waterline. It promotes
dryness and is therefore associated with the fore end of ship
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SHIP’S PRINCIPAL DIMENSION
16.Length over all (Loa) :The horizontal distance from stem to stern.
17. Length between the fore and aft perpendicular (Lpp): Distance between the Fore and the
Aft Perpendicular
18. Length of the water line: Horizontal distance between the moulded sides of stem
and stern when the ship is on her summer mark.
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19. Breath over all: The maximum breadth of the ship as measured from the outer hull
on starboard to the outer hull on port side.
20. Depth: The vertical distance between the base line and the upper continuous deck.
The depth is measured at half Lpp at the side of the ship.
21. Draught:
• Draught at the stem (Tfwd): Vertical distance between the water line and the
underside of the keel, as measured on the fore perpendicular.
• Draught at the stern (Ta): The vertical distance between the water line and the
underside of the keel as measured from the aft perpendicular.
• Air draught: The vertical distance between the water line and the highest point of
the ship.
• The air draught is measured from the summer mark. If the ship has less
draught one can ballast until it reaches the summer draught and so obtain
its minimum air draught.
22. Bilge radius:

• The radius of the curvature of the bilge.
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23. Proportions:
The ratios of some of the dimensions discussed above can be used to obtain
information on resistance, stability and manoeuvrability of the ship.
Some widely used relations are:
• L/B
The ratio of length and breadth can differ quite dramatically depending on the type of
vessel. Common values:
Passenger ships : 6-8
Freighters : 5-7
Tug boats : 3-5
• L/D
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The length/depth-ratio. The customary values for L/D varies between 10 and 15. This
relation plays a role in the determination of the freeboard and the longitudinal
strength.
• B/T (T =Draught)
The breadth/draught-ratio, varies between 2.3 and 4.5. A larger breadth in relation to
the draught (a larger B/T-value) gives a greater initial stability.
• B/D
The breadth I depth-ratio; varies between 1.3 and 2. If this value becomes larger, it
will
have an unfavourable effect on the stability (because the deck will be flooded when the
vessel has an inclination) and on the strength.
24. Register ton:

To determine the volume of a space the register ton is used. One register ton equals
100 eft, or 2.83 m3.
25. Gross Tonnage :
• The gross tonnage is calculated using a formula that takes into account the ship's
volume in cubic metre below the main deck and the enclosed spaces above the
main deck.
• This volume is then multiplied by a constant, which results in a dimensionless
number (this means no values of T or m3 should be placed after the number). All
distances used in the calculation are moulded dimensions.
26. Net Tonnage:

• The Net Tonnage is also a dimensionless number that describes the volume of the
cargo space.
• The NT can be calculated from the GT by subtracting the volume of space
occupied by:
-crew
- navigation equipment
- propulsion equipment
- workshops
• The NT may not be less than 30% of the GT.
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27. Displacement (in m3)

• The displacement equals the volume of the part of the ship below the water line
including the shell plating, propeller and rudder.
28. Underwater body (in m3)
• The underwater body of a ship equals the displacement minus the contribution of
the shell, propeller and rudder.
• Or: the calculated volume of the part of the hull which is submerged in the water,
on the outside of the frames without extensions.
29. Displacement (in t)

• The displacement is the weight of the volume of water displaced by the ship. One
could also say: the displacement equals the total mass of the ship.
•Displacement (t) = water displacement (m3) x density of water (t/m3)
30.Light displacement (in t)
• This is the weight of the hull including the regular inventory. The
regular
inventory includes: anchors, life-saving appliances, lubricating oil,
paint, etc.
31. Dead weight (in t)
• This is the weight a ship can load until the maximum allowable submersion is
reached. This is a constant, which is unique for every ship.
• Dead weight (t) =maximum weight (t)- light displacement (t)
Dead weight (t) =maximum weight (t)- actual weight (t)
31. Cargo, carrying or dead weight capacity (in t)
• This is the total weight of cargo a ship can carry. The cargo capacity (in t) is not a
fixed number, it depends on the ship's maximum allowable submersion, which
will include the capacity (in t) of fuel, provisions and drinking water.
• For a long voyage there has to be room for extra fuel, which reduces the cargo
capacity.
• If, on the other hand, the ship refuels (bunkers) halfway, the cargo capacity is
larger upon departure.
• The choices for the amount of fuel on board and the location for refuelling
depend on many factors, but in the end the master has final responsibility for the
choices made.
• Cargo capacity (t) = dead weight (t) - ballast, fuel, provisions (t).
Ship's terminologies for general direction
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• The forward part of the ship is the BOW; to go in that direction is to go

FORWARD;
• the after part is the STERN; to go in that direction is to go AFT.
• The top, open deck of a ship is the MAINDECK; anything below that is called
BELOW DECKS and anything above it is the SUPERSTRUCTURE.
• The forward part of the main deck is the FORECASTLE (pronounced foc’sle),
• the after part is the FANTAIL.
• As you face forward on a ship, the right side is the STARBOARD and the left side
is PORT SIDE. A comfort room is known as HEAD.
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Denote: Direction and Locations:

1. ABAFT – Behind or further aft, astern or toward the astern.
2. ABEAM- At right angle to the centerline of and outside a ship.
3. AMIDSHIP- In the middle portion of the ship.
4. AFT- In, near or toward the astern.
5. ASTERN- Toward the stern, an object or vessel that is abaft another vessel or
object.
6. ALONGSIDE- Beside a pier or berth.
7. BOW- Forward part of a ship.
8. BRIDGE- Raised platform which a ship is steered or navigated.
9. BROADSIDE TO- At right angle to the fore and aft line of the ship.
10.CENTERLINE- Imaginary line running from ship’s bow to astern
11. DEAD AHEAD- Directly ahead of the ship’s bow in the line of the centerline.
12. DEAD ASTERN- Directly aft of a ship’s stern in line of the centerline
13. DRAFT- Depth of the water from the surface waterline to the ship’s keel.
14. FREEBOARD- Height of ship’s side from the waterline to the main deck.
15. LEEWARD- Direction away from the wind.
16. WINDWARD- Direction toward the wind.
17. WATERLINE- The line which makes the surface with the hull.
18. PORTSIDE- Left hand side of the ship facing forward.
19. STARBOARDSIDE- Right hand side of the ship facing forward.
20. QUARTERDECK – Part of the main deck reserved for honors and ceremonies.
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References:
Ship Knowledge, Ship’s Design, Construction and operation by Klaas Van Dokkum
7th Edition, DOKMAR MARITIME PUBLISHER. B.V. WWW.DOKMAR.COM
Compiled by:
Capt. Armando A. Ternida MMET

Program Chair/BSMT
Mapua-PTC CMET
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MAR05P-1 INTRODUCTION TO MARITIME CAREER HANDOUTS # 4

Keel, in shipbuilding, the main structural member and backbone of a ship,

BOW: The forward end

STERN: The after or the back end of the vessel

DECK: A part of a ship corresponding to the floor of a building

ACCOMMODATION: A room, group of rooms, or building in which someone may

A ship's hold or cargo hold is a space for carrying cargo.

Fairleads, Chocks, Bitts, Bollards And Dolphins

Bollards: are generally referred to short

8. Breadth (B): The greatest moulded breadth,

13. Rise of floor:

SHIP’S PRINCIPAL DIMENSION

22. Bilge radius:

24. Register ton:

26. Net Tonnage:

27. Displacement (in m3)

29. Displacement (in t)

Ship's terminologies for general direction

• The forward part of the ship is the BOW; to go in that direction is to go

Denote: Direction and Locations:

Capt. Armando A. Ternida MMET

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