What are the evidences

that support the concept

of evolution?
 What is
evolution?
-Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Paleontolo
-Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth.
gy

A paleontologist is a scientist who studies the

history of life on Earth through the fossil record.
2. Radiocarbon dating

-Radiocarbon dating is a method for determining the age of an object

containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a
radioactive isotope of carbon.

Helpful guides in understanding the

radiocarbon technique:
☠ All living things contain carbon and there are three naturally occuring
isotopes of carbon. ( carbon 12, carbon 13 and carbon 14)
☠ The difference among the three carbon is that the C14 or carbon 14 is
naturally radioactive.
☠ As long as an organism is living and still breathing and taking in food then its in
equilibrium with its environment and it has constant ration of 12,13 to 14.
☠ Therefore, if we know the 14C:12C ratio at the time of death and the ratio
today, we can calculate how much time has passed.
 Helpful guides in understanding the
radiocarbon technique:
☠ If the scientist can accurately and precisely measure the remaining
C14, they can use an equation to calculate how much the time has
passed since that organism was alive.

☠ There is also a dating range of radiocarbon back to about 50,000

years, because the half life of a radio carbon is 5,730 years.

☠ So after about ten half-lives, around 57,000 years the amount of

C14 that was originally in the organism, the remaining of C14 can be
found is so tiny.
 “
How does C14
forms?
-Itis formed in the upper atmosphere through the interaction
of cosmic rays with nitrogen atoms and that carbon 14, that
has been formed is rapidly oxidised as carbon dioxide and
gets incorporated into the atmosphere. Plants takes it up
from the atmosphere as CO2 so the C14 is rapidly mixed
throughout the environment.
 How does geologic history help
trace the evolutionary history of
life?
 How does geologic history help trace the
evolutionary history of life?
- Geologic history of Earth, evolution of the continents,
oceans, atmosphere, and biosphere.

‐ The study of ancient life on Earth goes hand-in-hand with the study of earth’s history.

- This is because fossils trapped in the earth’s layers of rock, mostly sedimentary, have much to tell, not
only about the changes that happened in living things in the past, but also about the changes that took
place in the physical environment of those organisms.
FOSS
ILS
- fossils are remains or traces of
ancient organisms that lived in
the past.
• Body parts or entire bodies
• Original hard parts of the body
(shells, teeth, etc)
• Petrified or fossilized remains
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

-The geologic time scale is a system of

chronological dating that classifies geological
strata in time. It is used by geologists,
paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to
describe the timing and relationships of events in
geologic history.
helpful guide in understanding the radioactive isotope
dating technique

☠ Most rocks have some potassium.

☠ Over time, the K-40 in the feldspar decays to Ar 40 and the atoms
of Ar 40 remain embedded within the crystal
☠ The sample must be analyzed using a very sensitive mass-
spectrometer which can detect the differences between the masses of
atoms
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