Introduction To Database

Contents
1.Database system
2. Purpose of database
4. Components of Database
5.Applications
 Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Management System (DBMS)

Set of programs to access the data

DBMS contains information about a particular

enterprise
DBMS provides an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use.
 Examples
• MySQL – Used by platforms like Youtube, Twitter,
and Facebook, MySQL is a Relational Database
Management System
 Types of databases
•
Centralized database

A centralized database (sometimes abbreviated CDB) is a database that is

located, stored, and maintained in a single location. This location is most
often a central computer or database system, for example a desktop or
server CPU, or a mainframe computer.
This type of database is modified and managed from that location itself.
This location is thus mainly any database system or a centralized
computer system. The centralized location is accessed via an internet
connection (LAN, WAN, etc). This centralized database is mainly used by
institutions or organizations.
Centralized database
 Advantages

• As can be seen from the above diagram, all the information for the
organization is stored in a single database. This database is known
as the centralized database.
• The data integrity is maximised as the whole database is stored at a
single physical location. This means that it is easier to coordinate
the data and it is as accurate and consistent as possible.
• The data redundancy is minimal in the centralised database. All the
data is stored together and not scattered across different locations.
So, it is easier to make sure there is no redundant data available.
• Since all the data is in one place, there can be stronger security
measures around it. So, the centralised database is much more
secure.
 Distributed Database:
• A distributed database is basically a type of
database which consists of multiple databases
that are connected with each other and are
spread across different physical locations. The
data that is stored in various physical locations
can thus be managed independently of other
physical locations. The communication between
databases at different physical locations is thus
done by a computer network.
 Example
• Apache HBase, Couchbase Server, Amazon
SimpleDB, Clusterpoint, and FoundationDB.
Distributed database
Distributed database architecture
• Distributed databases can be homogenous or
heterogeneous.
• In a homogenous distributed database system, all the
physical locations have the same underlying
hardware and run the same operating systems and
database applications.
• In a heterogeneous distributed database, the
hardware, operating systems or database applications
may be different at each location
 Purpose
2.The purpose of database is to access and storage in a
convenient way.
3. To maintain data integrity.
4. The purpose of database is to keep data systematic so
that it can be easily managed, accessed and update.
 Purpose of DBMS
Minimal Redundancy: Data redundancy is the
duplicate of same data at more than one storage
place. This duplication of data leads to wastage of
storage space and time and affect cost also. This
redundancy has to be eliminated by integrating the
data at one place.
 Purpose of DBMS
Consistency: Data duplication create multiple level of
updation. At some occasion updation of duplication
data entries may supply incorrect or conflicting
information. At such time, the database is said to be
inconsistent. Consistency of data has to be achieved
through redundancy control.
 Purpose of DBMS
Sharing of Data: This means various users can use the
same data in the database. Moreover new application
can be developed according to the needs to operate
against the same stored data. Hence the objectives of
DBMS is to satisfy the data requirement of various
new applications without the need of having separate
data for each application.
 Purpose of DBMS
• Simplicity: Another objectives of DBMS is to make
application development procedure simple and easier.
To achieve this DBMS is accompanied without
powerful query manipulation and reports generations
tools.
• Flexibility: DBMS allows change to the structure of
database without affecting the stored data, the
existing application. Thus it should make the
application development cheaper, faster and flexible.
 Purpose of DBMS
To Restrict Unauthorized Access: Data in database
must be secured. Hence an important objective of
database system is to restrict unauthorized access.
Privacy and Security: Privacy means when, how and to
what extent data should be given to users. Database are
costly products and hence their security is very
important. Security of data is needed from accidental
as well as intentional disposal. Thus to achieve privacy
and security is also an important objective of DBMS
 Components of DBMS
• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• Procedures
• Database Access Language
Components of database
 Hardware
• When we say Hardware, we mean computer, hard
disks, I/O channels for data, and any other physical
component involved before any data is successfully
stored into the memory.
  Software
This is the main component, as this is the program
which controls everything. The DBMS software is
more like a wrapper around the physical database,
which provides us with an easy-to-use interface to
store, access and update data.
 Procedures
• Procedures refer to general instructions to use a
database management system. This includes
procedures to setup and install a DBMS, To login and
logout of DBMS software, to manage databases, to
take backups, generating reports etc.
• The basic purpose of the procedures is to help guide
users to the operation and management of database
systems.
Database Access Language

Database Access Language is a simple language designed to

write commands to access, insert, update and delete data stored
in any database.
A user can write commands in the Database Access Language
and submit it to the DBMS for execution, which is then
translated and executed by the DBMS
 Application of DBMS
• Railway Reservation System –
• In the rail route reservation framework, the
information base is needed to store the record or
information of ticket appointments, status about
train’s appearance, and flight. Additionally, if
trains get late, individuals become acquainted
with it through the information base update.
 Library Management System –
• There are lots of books in the library so; it is
difficult to store the record of the relative
multitude of books in a register or duplicate.
Along these lines, the data set administration
framework (DBMS) is utilized to keep up all the
data identified with the name of the book, issue
date, accessibility of the book, and its writer.
 Banking –
• Database the executive’s framework is utilized to store
the exchange data of the client in the information base.
• Social Media Sites –We all utilization of online media
sites to associate with companions and to impart our
perspectives to the world. Every day, many people group
pursue these online media accounts like Pinterest,
Facebook, Twitter, and Google in addition to. By the
utilization of the data set administration framework, all
the data of clients are put away in the information base
and, we become ready to interface with others.
•
 Online Shopping –
• These days, web-based shopping has become a
major pattern. Nobody needs to visit the shop
and burn through their time. Everybody needs to
shop through web based shopping sites, (for
example, Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal) from
home. So all the items are sold and added
uniquely with the assistance of the information
base administration framework (DBMS). Receipt
charges, installments, buy data these are finished
with the assistance of DBMS.
 Airline Reservation System –
• This framework is equivalent to the railroad
reservation framework. This framework
additionally utilizes an information base
administration framework to store the records of
flight takeoff, appearance, and defer status.
Few more application areas
 DBMS Architecture
• The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The
basic client/server architecture is used to deal with a
large number of PCs, web servers, database servers and
other components that are connected with networks.
• The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and
a workstation which are connected via the network.
• DBMS architecture depends upon how users are
connected to the database to get their request done.
 Types of Architectures

•
 Tier
• A ‘tier’ commonly refers to the logical or functional
separation of software into layers on different
physical locations or hardware.
• Multi-tier architecture is a pattern of splitting
software into several definite domains that handle
particular aspects of the software such as
presentation, logic or data management
 1-Tier Architecture

• In this architecture, the database is directly available to

the user. It means the user can directly sit on the
DBMS and uses it.
• Any changes done here will directly be done on the
database itself. It doesn't provide a handy tool for end
users.
• The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the
local application, where programmers can directly
communicate with the database for the quick response.
 2-Tier Architecture

• The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server. In the

two-tier architecture, applications on the client end can directly
communicate with the database at the server side
• The user interfaces and application programs are run on the
client-side.
• The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities
like: query processing and transaction management.
• To communicate with the DBMS, client-side application
establishes a connection with the server side.
• Two Tier Architecture Example:
• A Contact Management System created using MS- Access.
2 tier
 3-Tier Architecture

• The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between

the client and server. In this architecture, client can't
directly communicate with the server.
• The application on the client-end interacts with an
application server which further communicates with the
database system.
• End user has no idea about the existence of the
database beyond the application server. The database
also has no idea about any other user beyond the
application.
A 3-tier architecture has the following layers:

1. Presentation layer (your PC, Tablet, Mobile, etc.)

2.Application layer (server)
3.Database Server
3 tier
 The Presentational tier/user tier 
• is the topmost layer of an application. This interface
layer translates tasks and information to something
the user can understand. It also takes in user request,
sends it to the application layer where it is processed
and the result sends back to the user. This layer can
be built with HTML, CSS, VBScript, and Javascript
frameworks such as React, Angular, Vue.js.
Moreover, deployment is possible via web browsers
such as chrome, firefox.
 Logical Level
• It is also called logical level. The whole design
of the database such as relationship among
data, schema of data etc. are described in this
level.
• Database constraints and security are also
implemented in this level of architecture. This
level is maintained by DBA (database
administrator).
 The Data tier
• is the back-end layer. It is similar to the database
server on two-tier architecture.
• This level is also known as physical level. This
level describes how the data is actually stored in
the storage devices. This level is also
responsible for allocating space to the data. This
is the lowest level of the architecture.