RACHEOSTOMY EMERGENCIES

by Nick Mark
MD
MD & Helen D’Couto ONE
onepagericu.c
om
Link to the
most current
COMPONENTS OF A TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE: TRACHEOSTOMY SIZING: version →
@nickmmark
Obturator is inserted into the inner Proper sizing is essential and depends on length, inner diameter, outer
cannula & used to guide placement; diameter, and curvature. Usually the size number refers to the inner
must remove to ventilate diameter (ID) of the outer cannula, measured in mm (e.g. Portex 6.0 @hdcouto23
has an ID of 6mm). This is not consistent for all manufacturers. The ID
Inner Cannula can be inserted into and OD sizes are always written on the flange.
the outer cannula. Removable. Can
Some tubes have an adjustable flange. Other specially made longer
be used to clear secretions.
tracheostomy tubes may be called XLT (extra long tubes).
Outer Cannula stays in tracheostomy;
Inner diameter Proximal XLT tubes Distal XLT tubes
attached to faceplate/flange.
(ID) is a can be used with can be used with
Pilot balloon indicates common thick neck tracheal stenosis
if tracheal cuff is system of tube anatomy or or tracheomalacia
Faceplate/flange
inflated sizing swelling
holds tracheotomy
tube against the neck Epiglottis
(usually has holes for
sutures) Hyoid bone
Tracheal cuff is a balloon used to seal the
tracheostomy tube against the trachea;
Thyroid cartilage
inflation enables sustained airway pressure
but prevents speech & eating.
Preparing for Tracheostomy Contingencies Cricoid cartilage
APPROACH TO TRACHEOSTOMY EMERGENCIES: Have a back-up airway plan prepared in advance.
There are three categories of emergencies involving a tracheostomy: • Have a back-up tracheostomy of the same size & one of a smaller

v1.0 (2021-07-14) CC BY-SA 3.0

ACCIDENTAL DECANNULATION, OBSTRUCTION, and BLEEDING. The size immediately available (e.g. in the room)
timing of the emergency is also important as the approach is • Know if the patient can be intubated or ventilated from above
different in the 7-14 days after initial tracheostomy placement • Know the placement date of the tracheostomy
compared with later. (The tracheotomy tract takes time to mature) (ideally this information should be on a sign at the head of the bed)

Innominate
DECANNULATION OBSTRUCTION artery
EARLY (<14 days)

Early (<7-14 days) Early (<7-14d)

• Do NOT attempt re-insertion due to • Prepare back-up airway plan
risk of creating a false tract (stoma is not • Deflate cuff and oxygenate from above BLEEDING
• Remove inner cannula Early (<7-14d)
mature)
• Attempt to pass suction catheter and clear Early bleeding may be at the surgical site, from suction trauma, or due
• Call for help (e.g. airway code)
• Consider bronchoscopy if immediately available to tracheitis; Consider lower airway bleeding/hemoptysis
• Oxygenate and ventilate from above while
• In unable to clear, intubate from above • Tx: Inflate cuff, apply direct pressure, apply topical silver nitrate
preparing to intubate
• Intubate
Late (>7-14d) Late (>7-14d)
LATE (>14 days)

• Prepare back-up airway plan Late bleeding may be due to the above or due to development of a
Late (>7-14 days)
• Deflate cuff and oxygenate from above Tracheo-innominate fistula: erosion of the tracheostomy causing a
• Prepare back-up airway
• Remove inner cannula fistula between innominate artery & trachea. Look for ETT pulsations
• Oxygenate and ventilate from above
• Attempt to pass suction catheter and clear This can cause life-threatening hemorrhage.
• Attempt to replace tracheostomy (can insert
• Consider bronchoscopy if immediately available • Tx: overinflate cuff to tamponade, ventilate from above and remove
obturator) and may need to downsize
• If still obstructed, attempt to replace and may need tracheostomy, Intubate from above, Insert finger into stoma and pull
• Confirm proper placement, ideally with
to downsize tracheostomy tube anteriorly to occlude innominate artery. Surgical management of
bronchoscopy
hemorrhage will be required (high mortality w/o surgery)
• If unable to re-insert, intubate.