Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Learning Objectives
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Database
Approach
o Access to the data resource is controlled by a
database management system (DBMS).
o Centralizes organization’s data into a common database shared
by the user community.
o All users have access to data they need which may overcome
flat-file problems.
o Elimination of data storage problem: No data redundancy.
o Elimination of data updating problem: Single update procedure
eliminates currency of information problem.
o Elimination of task-data dependency problem: Users only
constrained by legitimacy of access needs.
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Database Model
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
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Elements of the Database Concept
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
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DBMS Features and Data Definition
Language
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
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Database Views
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
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Data Manipulation
Language (DML)
o DML is the proprietary programming language that a
particular DBMS uses to retrieve, process, and store data to
/ from the database.
o Entire user programs may be written in the DML, or selected
DML commands can be inserted into universal programs,
such as COBOL and FORTRAN.
o Can be used to ‘patch’ third party applications to the DBMS
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Overview of DBMS Operation
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Informal Access: Query
Language
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Organizational Interaction of the
DBA
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
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use.
The Physical Database
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Associations
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Record
Associations
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
The Hierarchical Model
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
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Hierarchical Data Model
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
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The Network Model
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
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The Relational Model
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
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Data Integration in the
Relational Model
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
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Centralized Databases in a
Distributed Environment
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license
distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
The Deadlock Phenomenon
o Occurs when multiple sites lock each other out of the database,
preventing each from processing its transactions.
o Transactions in a “wait” state until locks removed.
o Can result in transactions being incompletely processed and
database being corrupted.
o Deadlock is a permanent condition that must be resolved with
special software that analyzes and resolve conflicts.
o Usually involves terminating one or more transactions to complete
processing of the other in deadlock.
o Preempted transactions must be reinitiated.
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
The Deadlock Condition
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Distributed Databases:
Replicated
o
Databases
Effective for situations with a high degree of data sharing, but no
primary user.
o Common data replicated at each site, reducing data traffic
between sites.
o Primary justification to support read-only queries.
o Problem is maintaining current versions of database at each
site.
o Since each IT unit processes its own transactions, common data
replicated at each site affected by different transactions and reflect
different values.
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Concurrency Control
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Database Distribution Methods
and the Accountant
o Many issues and trade-offs in distributing databases.
o Basic questions to be addressed:
o Centralized or distributed data?
o If distributed, replicated or partitioned?
o If replicated, total or partial replication?
o If partitioned, what is the allocation of the data segments among the
sites?
o Choices impact organization’s ability to maintain database
integrity, preserve audit trails, and have accurate records.
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license
distributed
with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Controlling and Auditing Data
Management Systems
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Access Controls
access.
use.
Subschema Restricting
Access
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Audit Procedures for Testing
Database Access Controls
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Backup Controls in the
Database Environment
o Since data sharing is a fundamental objective of the database
approach, environment is vulnerable to damage from individual
users.
o Four needed backup and recovery features:
o Backup feature makes a periodic backup of entire database which is
stored in a secure, remote location.
o Transaction log provides an audit trail of all processed transactions.
o Checkpoint facility suspends all processing while system reconciles
transaction log and database change log against the database.
o Recovery module uses logs and backup files to restart the system
after a failure.
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
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Backup of Direct Access
Files
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
use.
Audit Procedures for Testing
Database Access Controls
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom
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