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Early Childhood Stage

Andrew M. Ausa, TCP
OUTLINE:
 What are the some Skills in early
Childhood Stage?
 What is the pattern of Motor Control?
 Facts/Trivia
What are the some Skills in Early
Childhood Stage?
 Skills in Early Childhood Stage:

1. Hand Skills 2. Play Skills

 1. Hand Skills

 also known as Fine Motor Skills

 use hands to explore, play, etc.
 this type of play builds the
skills needed for more
complex fine motor
activities (i.e. writing,
cutting, playing musical
instrument, using spoon
and fork)
When it becomes to hand skills?
 Babies
 from 4 months- enjoy learning to coordinate
their eyes and hands (bringing such to their
mouth.
 around 9 months- babies can pick up small
objects with their thumb and index finger,
transfer objects from hand to hand, nd begin
to place objects accurately.
 around 12 months- babies first enjoy
marking a page and scribbling.
(con...)
 Toddlers
 can use spoon, stack blocks, post shapes,
turn pages, string beads, pour from one
cup to another and begin to draw.
 less scribbling and more use of lines.
 As they grow and develop, theycide
which hand they prefer for fine work
and which hand becomes the helper.
(con...)
 Young Children
 around 3 or 4 years- develop more
control over tools (i.e. pencils)
 As a penchild’s pencil grip improves
they will try to copy letters, shapes and
numbers.
 They will also be able to eat with a knife
and use scissors to cut accurately.
What you can do?
 Provide opportunities for them to do lots of fun,
active play (e.g. climbing, throwing, playing on
playground equipment).
 Develop your child’s hand skills with a range of
different activities (i.e. building blocks, puzzles,
finger rhymes, action songs, collage, etc.)
 Simplify activities to help your child to be
successful (i.e. use puzzles with only 2 or 3 pieces
to sort at the beginning.
(con...)
 Allow time for repetition. This builds confidence.

 Let your child enjoy the sensory experience and the

fun of just messing about with paint and colours-
where activity is more important than the end
product.
How to keep your child safe?
 Supervise your child closely at all times,
especially aroundwater, play equipment, or
when using objects (i.e. scissors, pencils, glue
or paint) due to flammable or toxic materials.

 Babies, toddlers and young children can

choke on small toys and objects
 2. Play Skills

 very important skill to learn.

 In any activity, if children
were able to find fun and
enjoyment.
 When they play, they
actually learning a lot of
important skills that will
help them in their
development throughout
their entire life.
Six Stages of Play that occur during Early Childhood
1. Unoccupied play (Birth-3 months)
 consists of a lot of movement of baby (i.e. mg their arms, legs,
etc.)
 This allows your baby to learn about and discover their own
body.
2. Solitary play (Birth - 2 years)
 a child plays alone.
 they will begin to engage with toys and learn to entertain
themselves.
 they may appear uninterested/ unaware of others during this
development play stage.
(con...)
3. Spectator/ Onlooker Behavior (2 years)
 children will watch others play, but not directly play
with them.
4. Parallel Play (2+ years)
 when children will play next to each other but, but not
with each other.
 often a lack of group involvement. it is very important
to their social maturity (learning valuable social
skills).
(con...)
5. Associate Play (3-4 years)
 kids start to play together, but interactions are minimal.
 similar to parallel play stage, but now they begin to become
involved in what the other child next to them is playing
with.
 trading toys while continuing to play shall notice.
4. Cooperative Play (4+ years)
 final stage haappens when children start to play together
and interested in both the activity & other children whom
they are playing.
Expected Play Skills

 For 1-2 Years Old

 Has toy preferences
 Like repetitive actions like putting items in and out of boxes
 Imitates a pretend play action.
 Demonstrates play related to their body (e.g. sleeping, eating)
 Spontaneously performs one action with a doll (e.g. hugs doll)
 Looks for hidden objects
 Dances with music
Expected Play Skills

(con...)
 Plays with push and pull toys
 Can build towers of blocks
 Throws a ball overhand.
 Puts two-to three-piece puzzles together
 Scribbles with crayon or pencil and may imitate drawing
a straight line or circle.
Expected Play Skills

 For 2-3 Years Old

 Treats doll or teddy as if it is alive
 Begins to use symbols in their play such as a stick
becoming a sword
 Will express emotions with toys
 Begins to thros, kick and catch balls
 Can stand momentarily on one foot
 Climbs on playground structures
 Turns doorknobs and lids
Expected Play Skills

 For 4-5 Years Old

 Begins taking turns and negotiating
 Plays together with others
 Usually prefers playing with other children than playing
themselves
 Plays imaginatively (e.g. dressing up, cooking)
 Enjoys playing games with simple rules (e.g. hide and seek)
 Sings a song
 Skips and hops on one foot
Expected Play Skills

(con...)

 Catches and throws a ball overhand

 Draws a person with three separate body parts
 Builds a block tower with 10 blocks
 Understands the difference between fantasy and
reality
Expected Play Skills

For 5-6 Years Old

 Play themes that never personally experienced
(e.g. going to space)
 Plays and negotiates with others during play
 Play is well organized
What is the pattern of Motor
Control?
“Typical Motor skills starts from the
inner body, including the head,
neck, arms and legs, and then moves
to the outer body such as hands,
feet, fingers and toes.”
 Pattern of Motor Control:
 Head region
 Frontal Lobe - one of the brain
areas most involved in controlling
these voluntary movements is the
motor cortex.

 Motor cortex - located in the rear

portion of the frontal lobe, just
before the central sulcus that
separates the frontal lobe from the
parietal lobe.
 Pattern of Motor Control:
 Head region
 Motor cortex
 is divided in to two main areas, Area 4 and Area 6.
 Area 4 (primary motor cortex)- forms a thin band along
the central sulcus
 Area 6 lies immediately forward of Area 4.
 Area 6 is wider and is further subdivided into two
distinct sub-areas.
Take Note:
 Planning for any
given movement is
done mainly in the
forward portion of
the frontal lobe.
This part of cortex
receives
information about
individual’s current
position from
several other parts.
Take Note:
 It issues commands, to Area 6. Area 6 acts like the ship’s
lieutenants. It decides which set of muscles to contract to achieve
the required movement, then issues the corresponding orders to
the rowers- the primary motor cortex. This area in turn activates
specific musclesor groups of muscles via the motor neurons in
the spinal cord.

 Axons of the neurons of the primary motor cortex descend all

the way into the spinal cord, where they make the final relay of
information to the motor neurons of the spinal cord. These
neurons are connected directly to the muscles and cause them to
contracy.
 Pattern of Motor Control:
 Trunk Region
 Trunk Control
 ability to control upper body (torso).
 It affects how well people can hold the body uproght when
sitting or moving.
 Without it, the ability to maintain balance and meet
developmental milestones worsens
 Partial/ total soss of trunk control happens after stroke, brain
injury or spinal cord injury
How can you Improve the trunk stability?

 Trunk exercises

 The plank for trunk stability.

 Lifting the head lying.
 Sitting up from lying at an age appropriate level.
 Sitting up from a pile of cushions.
 Sit backs.
 Sit-ups with les straight
 Sit-ups with knees bent.
 Kicking a big ball when lying on the back.
Pattern of Motor Control:
 Arm and Hand Region
Pattern of Motor Control:
 Leg Region
Scheme of Motor Control in the Human Body
PREMOTOR & SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR
CONTROL

MOTOR CORTEX

BRAINSTEM

SPINAL CORD

PERIPHEAL NERVES

MUSCLES
 Ten (10)
Facts/ Trivia
Facts/ Trivia:

1. From birth, babies can see and hear.

2. Young babies need consistent responsive care
3. Children are curious. They want to find out how
theyhange and affect people things around them, even
from the first months of age.
4. Much of what children learn, they learn when they
are vey young.
5. Children need a safe environment as they learn..
Facts/ Trivia:
6. Children are the first scientists.

7. Efforts to imprive early child development are an

investment, not a cost.
8. Pay attention to your children’s movements, sounds
and cries.
9. Child development can be promoted by simple age
appropriate activities that can be easily done at home.
10. Copying the baby’s counds and gestures starts a
good communication game.
 Reference cited:
 https://www.cahs.health.wa.gov.au/~/media/HSPs/CAHS/
Documents/Community-Health/ChildDevelopment/Play-and-
Learning-11-hand-skills.pdf. Date retrieved: September 2, 2022

 https://www.google.com/search?
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THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS!