INTRODUCTION

TO LIFE SCIENCE
Week 5: Earth and Life Science
Before Anything Else…
■ Whiteboard Activity #1: What is Life?
■ In your own context, complete the following, For
me, Life is ____________ or Para sa akin, ang
buhay ay ____________.
■ Each student will have a chance to share his/her
insights through drawing a symbol of their answer.
Biology: The Science of Life
The Study of Life (5.1)

■ Main Idea: Biology deals with structures,

functions and relationships of organisms with
their environment.
■ EQ: How do Biologists study life and explore its
complexities?
Biology
■ “Century of Biology” in what ways? Give examples
of the things they affect such as health care,
agriculture, energy production, environmental
remediation etc.
■ Biology: Study of Life
■ Bios= Life
■ Logos= Study of
■ Studied in different levels such as: molecular,
cellular, organismal, population, community,
ecosystem.
Furthermore…

■ Biology has three main divisions namely:

■ Microbiology: Study of microorganisms
■ Zoology: Study of animals
■ Botany: Study of plants
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

■ Taxonomy, Cytology, Embryology,

Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry,
Genetics, Evolution, Ecology,
Molecular Biology, Genomics,
Proteomics, Immunology,
Bioinformatics
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Occupations Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Taxonomy Taxonomist Carl Linnaeus System of

Taxonomy for
Scientific names
and familiarity with
categorizing and organisms.
organizing
organisms
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Cytology Botanist and

zoologist
Matthias
Schleiden
Study of
microogranisms
Curing of bacterial
infections

(Botanist)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Embryology Clinical Karl Baer Knowledge on

development of
Child birth and
diagnosing
embryologists (Father of embryo and fetus abnormalities
Embryology)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Anatomy& Medical William Surgery on human Curing physical

body injuries and
Physiology Doctors Harvey functional injuries
(physician
who
described the
circulatory
system)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Biochemistry Nutritionist Eduard Food development Nutrition and diet

Buchner
(work on
fermentation)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Genetics Geneticist Gregor DNA analysis DNA Testing and

use of DNA for
(study of Mendel abnormalities
heredity) (Father of
Modern
Genetics)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Evolution Biologist/ Charles Survival of the Food web and

Fittest Food Pyramid
Ecologist Darwin
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Ecology Ecologist Eugene Science of Interacting with

ecosystems our environment
Odum
(Fundamentals
of Ecology)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Molecular Biologist/ James Formation of new Creation of more

drugs. Diagnosis efficient and
Biology Microbiologist Watson and of disease effective drugs.
Francis Crick
(DNA
structure)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Genomics Geneticist Craig Venter Structure, Gene mapping for

function, evolution abnormalities
(study of (First draft and mapping of
organisms’ sequence of genomes
genes) the human
genome)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Proteomics Chemist Matthias Large scale study Diagnosis of

of proteins disease using
Mann proteins
(Protein
analysis to
diagnose
diseases)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Immunology Medical Rodney RBCs made in lab. Fight Cancer

Immunotherapy through further
Doctors, Porter research
Pharmacologists (Biochemist)
 Specialized Branches of Biology
Scope of Study Related Notable Scientists Major How it impacts
Occupations Breakthroughs and daily life?
discoveries

Bioinformatic I.T. John Birney Integrating Studies, analyzes

science into and processes
s (Director of computer and genomics and
Bioinformatic technology other fields of
s) Science
Time to play the
game...
WHAT TIME IS
IT???
IT IS QUIZIZZ
TIME!!!
GO TO QUIZIZZ.COM

QUIZ CODE:
Life and Its Beginnings (5.2)

■ Main Idea: The study of the origin of life is

viewed from different perspectives
■ EQ: How did life come about on earth?
Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation)
versus Biogenesis
■ Abiogenesis: Life can appear from nonliving
material
■ Biogenesis: Life comes from preexisting life.
Proving Ground…

■Many experiments were

conducted to support either
Abiogenesis or Biogenesis.
Abiogenesis
■ Also called Spontaneous Generation
■ Idea that life could appear from nonliving material.
■ Proposed by Aristotle
■ Some common examples:
– Flies grow from cattle manure
– Mice from wheat stored in the dark
– Maggots from decaying meat
– Fish from mud
– Lice from sweat
Biogenesis

■ Idea that life originates from preexisting life.

■ Experiments were used to disprove Abiogenesis
 Redi’s Experiment
■ Proponent: Francesco Redi
■ Year: 1668
■ Purpose of Experiment: Disprove Spontaneous
Generation using maggots arising in decaying meat.
■ Experimental Design:
– Two Sets of jars (Identical); one with gauze covering
 Redi’s Experiment
■ Observations/Results
– Flies were attracted to both jars
– Settled only on the meat found on the open jar.
– Maggots arose from eggs laid by flies on the rotten
meat of the open jar.
■ Conclusions
– Life arose from living matter such as maggot from
eggs.
Needham’s Experiment
■ Proponent: John Needham
■ Year: 1748
■ Purpose of Experiment: Prove whether or not
microorganisms appear spontaneously after boiling.
■ Experimental Design:
– Placed a solution of boiled mutton broth in a
container and heated it.
– Sealed it with corks.
 Needham’s Experiment
■ Observations/Results
– Broth turned cloudy and full of microorganisms.
■ Conclusions
– Life in the broth was caused by spontaneous
generation. *Note: he did not heat it long enough to
kill all the microbes in the broth.
 Spallanzani’s Experiment
■ Proponent: Lazzaro Spallanzani
■ Year: 1767
■ Purpose of Experiment: Disprove Needham’s experiment
■ Experimental Design:
– Boiled a broth containing meat and vegetables placed
in clean glass containers.
– Both containers were boiled but one setup was not
sealed allowing air to enter.
 Spallanzani’s Experiment
■ Observations/Results
– After several days, the open container was filled
with microorganisms while the closed container
remained sterile.
■ Conclusions
– Life occurred from something that entered the
unsealed flask and it was responsible for life to
grow.
 Pasteur’s Experiment
■ Proponent: Louis Pasteur
■ Year: 1861
■ Purpose of Experiment: Prove that a vital element from
air was necessary for life to occur.
■ Experimental Design:
– Boiled sugar solution with yeast in flasks with long
necks.
– Flasks were left open. After, flasks were cut.
 Pasteur’s Experiment
■ Observations/Results
– Flask with long neck= microorganisms settled at the
bottom.
– Flask with removed long necks= filled with
microorganisms
■ Conclusions
– Life occurred from preexisting life. Bacteria exists
from preexisting bacteria.
Beliefs About the Origin of Life

■Divine Creation
■Spontaneous Origin
■Panspermia
 Divine Creation
■ Life came from a Divine being. Oldest hypothesis
■ Different from Creationism: “Life arose from
nothing but the power of a divine being.”
Spontaneous Origin

■ Life evolved from inanimate matter.

■ From simple molecules to complex ones.
■ Miller-Urey experiment: Lightning may
have helped trigger the building blocks of
life on earth.
 Panspermia
■ Proponent: Svante Arrhenius
■ Life arose outside earth.
■ Life that forms were transported form another planet to seed life on
earth.
■ Proposes that a meteor or cosmic dust may have carried to Earth
significant amounts of organic molecules, which led to life.
– Resemblance of proof: Meteorite in Antarctica found in 1966
that said to be in Mars. (Presence of complex organic molecules
and small globules that resemble those found on earth.)
UNIFYING THEMES ABOUT LIFE

■ Main Idea: All organisms share common

characteristics that guide in defining what
life means.
■ Essential Question: What characteristics do
all living things share?
 Living Things Share Common
Characteristics
■ Gathering and using Energy
– Nutrient Uptake and Processing
– Waste Elimination
■ Adapting and Evolving
– Motility
– Irritability
– Adaptation
– Evolution
■ Reproducing and Continuing Life
– Growth
– Development and Reproduction
– Heredity
■ Organization of Life
Gathering and Using Energy

■ Use energy for survival

■ Energy: ability to do work
■ Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
■ Organic Molecules: Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
For energy to be gathered and used…

■ Metabolism is the key.

■ Defined as all chemical processes, reactions
and energy changes happening inside the
body.
■ Involves 3 act.: Nutrient Uptake, Nutrient
Processing and Waste Elimination
Nutrient Uptake

■ Nutrition: process by which

organism acquire food.
■ Plants:
– absorption of water and
minerals from soil.
– Carbon Dioxide from
atmosphere.
■ Animals:
– Ingestion or Feeding
Process
Nutrient Processing

■ Raw Products are processed

inside the body thru chemical
reactions.
■ Purpose:
– Repair
– Reproduction
– Supply of Energy
– Manufacture of body
parts
Waste Elimination
■ Metabolic processes must be
coordinated and regulated.
■ Enzymes:
– Catalysts that speed up
chemical reactions
■ Hormones:
– Chemical messengers
regulating growth,
activities and
development.
■ Homeostasis:
– Balanced internal
environment
Adapting and Evolving

■ Organisms have the ability to adapt and

react to changes in their surroundings.
■ These may be predictable yet
meaningful.
Motility
■ Motility or locomotion:
– Moving from one place to
another
■ Plants:
– Slow movement (flowers
blooming, vines creeping)
– Bending toward light
■ Animals:
– To search for food,
reproduce, respond
■ Microorganisms
– Cilia, flagella, pseudopods
Irritability
■ Tropism
– Reaction of organism to
stimuli
■ Sensitivity or Irritability
– Ability of organism to
respond against a stimulus
■ Kindly provide your own
examples.
Adaptation
■ Adaptation is a must…
– Due to environmental
changes.
■ Plants:
– Blooming of flowers
■ Animals:
– Hunting for food
■ Humans
– More RBCs in low oxygen
levels
Evolution
■ Evolution
– Changes in characteristics
in a group of organisms
■ Evolutionary Adaptation:
– Gradual or rapid change in
body structure or behavior
to better suit and survive a
new environment.
Reproducing and Continuing Life

■ Involves the following:

■ Growth
■ Development
■ Reproduction
Growth
■ Growth
– An increase in size and
volume by integrating food
in body cells
■ Intussusception
- Growth within the cells
- For multicellular cells, more
complex growth process
■ Organogenesis
– Formation of new organs
■ For Nonliving
– Growth through accretion:
external addition
Development and Reproduction
■ Development
– Process of going through
the life cycle
■ Reproduction
- Process of passing genetic
information from one
generation to another
- Sexual and Asexual
■ Sexual Reproduction
– Requires two parents to
reproduce
■ Asexual Reproduction
– Copies itself
Heredity
■ The Presence of the
DNA
■ Deoxyribonucleic Acid
■ Caries the genetic
information of the
organism.
■ Provides the unity of
life as well as its
diversity
Organization of Life

■ Involves two important dimensions

■ Microscopic
■ Macroscopic
They are called hierarchical or biological
organization.
Let us refer to p.110 (Figs. 5-16,5-17,5-18)
Lesson 5.4: 21st Century Biology
■ On a yellow paper:
■ Research Work and Objective Essay
■ 1) Choose a Category: Medical, Food, Agricultural etc.
■ 2) Research a specific Biological Study on it
■ 3) Summarize the study by indicating:
a) What is the study about?
b) What are the materials, methodology, results,
conclusions?
c) How does it affect us?