READING CRITICALY

OUTLINE

• Why read
• Definition
• Techniques
• Barriers to reading

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 2

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 3
 It is how we discover
new things.
 Reading develops the
imagination.
 Reading develops the
creative side of people.
 Reading is fundamental
in developing a good self
image.

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 5

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 6
Making the most of your reading

• Beat procrastination
• Behold the library
• Overreliance on visual or audio media

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 8

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 9
Capacities of reading
Reading as saying
Reading as understanding
Reading as thinking (reflective)

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 10

• Reading is the process of constructing meaning through the
dynamic interaction among:
– the reader's existing knowledge
– the information suggested by the text being read
– and the context of the reading situation

(Wixson, Peters, Weber, & Roeber, 1987)

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 11

What is reading
• Three Components of Reading
– Decoding
– Comprehension
– Retention

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 12

Decoding
• Decoding refers to the process of translating a
printed word into a sound.
• Two Skills in Decoding :
– Identification Skill
– Word Attack Skill

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 13

Comprehension
• the level of understanding of a text/message.
• Reconstructing the authors message
• This understanding comes from the
interaction between the words that are
written and how they trigger knowledge
outside the text/message.

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 14

Retention/comprehension

• Personal reaction to what is read,

contemplation of the ideas and feelings
evoked by the text.
• The condition of retaining (keeping)
something. It could be in the Short term
memory or Long term Memory

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 15

Process of reading
• Language process- an act of communication
• Cognitive process- readers have to create
meaning from the text
• Social process – readers have to appropriate
meaning of the text through various social
interactions

|
Six aspects of reading process
• Word recognition-use context cues, phonic
analysis, structural clues, the dictionary
• Association of meaning with individual printed
words
• Literal comprehension- reading for central ideas
• Interpretation- go further
• Evaluation- judgment on what has been read
• Assimilation- process of making use of reading

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 18

schema and perception
• schema- broad concepts which we
store in our memories
• depends on cultural, ethnic, social
and economic background, age and
education attainment, interests and
values

|
• I cdnuolt blveiee that I cluod aulaclty
uesdnatnrd what I was rdanieg. The
phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid,
aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it dseno’t mtaetr in what oerdr the
ltteres in a word are, the olny iproamtnt tihng
is that the frsit and last ltteer be in the rghit
pclae.

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 20

Starting to read
• Identify what to read, what to get from a
certain text and what to note as key
• Skimming
• Scanning

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 21

Reading Purpose
• You have to ask yourself before reading, Why I
am reading this topic? I am reading for
enjoyment, to obtain information, or for
special task.

• Example: Topic: Dyslexia

• Question: Why I am reading this topic?

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 22

Skimming

• Getting the gist (thesis) of article, book,

etc.
• Better before reading entire text
–Skipping with skilled judgment (Cramer)
• Identify key concepts, summary
paragraphs and transitional paragraphs

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 23

Skimming

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 24

Skimming exercise
• Reading a passage

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 25

Scanning
• Looking for specific information

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 26

While scanning look at

Table of contents
Title page
Copyright date
Chapter headings and subheadings
Index
Illustration
Summaries
Author bio

|
Mary Mukami Njoroge | 28
Other ideas for reading
• Highlighting- comes in handy during
detailed reading
• Sticky notes-good reminders-
–Used to map out the main argument
of each paragraph

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 29

Let us all read

KWL Chart

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 30

K W L CHART
• Create a KWL chart that consist in making a
list of (K) what I know about the topic, (W)
what I want to know about the topic, (L) what
I will learn about the topic.
• Example: Before reading you write what do
you know about vaccine in the first line of
your chart

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 31

Annotation
• Annotation is a note of any form made while
reading text

Reading with a pencil.”

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 32

Annotation is not highlighting.

|
Mary Mukami Njoroge | 34
• Formulates questions in response to
what he is reading
• Analyzes and interprets elements
prose
• Draws conclusions and makes
inferences based on explicit and
implicit meaning
• Slows down reading
Mary Mukami Njoroge | 35
Mary Mukami Njoroge | 36
USE DIAGRAMS
• Flow charts may help map out ideas
visually.
• Concept map- organizes related ideas
• Mind maps represent a single idea

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 37

Mind map

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 38

THE SQ3R METHOD
• Survey a text
• Pose and ask Questions
• Try to Recall
• Finally review

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 39

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 40
Language in reading

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 41

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 42
Ineffective readers
• Don’t ask questions such as
• Do I understand this?
• What should I do if I don’t understand?
• Do I gest the authors point?
• How does it fit with what I already know?
• What do I think the author will discuss next

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 43

Dyslexia-reading problem

• Although dyslexia typically affects spelling and writing,

including transposing letters and words, it can also
contribute to reading comprehension problems. When a
student has this type of learning disorder, he or she
usually has problems with letter and word recognition, as
well as difficulties pronouncing words. It also contributes
to slow reading speed. Students who have these issues
may have problems with overall reading comprehension
because there can be so many "roadblocks" that the
overall meaning of the words becomes indecipherable

Mary Mukami Njoroge | 44