THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

THE UPPER RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS

BY

PROF. A. A. MISSANKOV
PARTS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS. THE NOSE AND THE
PHARYNX

1. The nose
2. The pharynx

nose

pharynx

SAGITTAL CUT THROUGH THE HEAD TO SHOW THE PARTS OF THE UPPER REPIRATORY PATHWAYS
THE NOSE
THE NOSE (NASUS OR RHINOS)
PARTS OF THE NOSE

1. External nose
2. Nasal cavity

external nose nasal cavity

THE TWO COMPONENTS OF THE NOSE

THE EXTERNAL NOSE. SKELETON OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE

nasal bones alar cartilages

septal cartilage

lateral cartilages

septal cartilage nostrils or nares

minor alar cartilage

major alar cartilages connective tissue

PARTS OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE

antrum

limen

vestibule

vibrisae
THE NASAL CAVITY. WALLS OF THE NASAL CAVITY
1. Lateral wall
2. Medial wall (nasal septum)
3. Roof
4. Floor

sup. meatus sup. meatus

sup. concha sup. concha

nasal septum
middle meatus

inf. concha
inf. concha
inf. meatus
BONES OF THE LATERAL WALL OF THE NASAL CAVITY

sup. concha
frontal sinus sphenopalatine foramen

middle concha
sphenoidal sinus
maxilla

sphenoid bone
inf. concha

palatine bone
LATERAL WALL OF THE NASAL CAVITY COVERED WITH MUCOSA

sup. concha
sphenoethmoidal recess
frontal sinus

sup. meatus sphenoidal sinus

middle meatus middle concha

inf. concha
inf. meatus
MEDIAL WALL (SEPTUM), ROOF AND FLOOR OF THE NASAL CAVITY

roof (ethmoid bone)

medial wall (nasal septum)

floor (hard palate of mouth)

PP of ethmoidal bone

septal cartilage

vomer (bone)
ENTRANCE AND EXIT OF THE NASAL CAVITY

Entrance - nostrils or nares

exit - choanae

nasopharynx

pharynx

Exit - choanae
PARANASAL AIR SINUSES

ethmoidal air sinus

frontal air sinus

sphenoidal air sinus

maxillary air sinus

COMMUNICATION OF PARANASAL AIR SINUSES WITH NASAL CAVITY
middle meatus (ethmoidal sinus)
middle meatus (frontal sinus)
sup. meatus (ethmoidal sinus)
frontonasal canal

mid. nasal concha (cut) sphenoethmoidal recess

(sphenoidal sinus)
hiatus semilunaris
sphenoidal sinus

bulla ethmoidalis
inf. nasal concha (cut)

middle meatus (maxillary sinus)

opening of nsolacrimal duct
CORONAL SECTION OF THE HEAD TO SHOW THE NASAL CAVITY AND
PARANASAL SINUSES
right frontal sinus

right ethmoidal sinus

sup. nasal concha

lat. wall of nasal cavity nasal septum

right maxillary sinus

inf. nasal concha
hard palate

mouth
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE NASAL CAVITY

1. Sphenopalatine artery - branch of maxillary artery.

2. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries - branches of ophthalmic artery.

post. ethmoidal a.
ant. ethmoidal a.

sphenopalatine a.
external carotid a.

maxillary artery
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE NASAL MUCOSA

ant. ethmoidal n.
ant. ethmoidal n.
maxillary nerve

nasal septum
lat. wall

nasopalatine n.
post. nasal nerves
NASAL SEPTUM
LATERAL WALL
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE SKIN OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE

nasociliary n.

ant. ethmoidal n.

iInfraorbital n.
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE NASAL CAVITY

submandibular lymph nodes

NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL AIR SINUSES – CLINICAL NOTES

1. Infection of the nasal cavity (rhinitis)

2. Foreign bodies in the nasal cavity
3. Epistaxis (bleeding from the nose)
4. Sinusitis
THANK YOU ALL
THE PHARYNX
POSITION AND PARTS OF THE PHARYNX

nasopharynx (epipharynx)
nasal cavity

oropharynx (mesopharynx)
oral cavity

laryngopharynx
larynx
(hypopharynx)

SAGITTAL SECTION OF THE HEAD AND NECK

POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE PHARYNX. OPENINGS INTO THE PHARYNX

choanae (nasopharyngeal openings) base of skull

nasal cavity

oropharyngeal opening nasopharynx

oropharynx
laryngopharynx

oral cavity
larynx
laryngopharyngeal opening

trachea oesophagus
THE NASOPHARYNX - POSTERIOR VIEW OF AN OPENED PHARYNX

middle concha choana base of skull-roof

e
lat. wall

nasal septum nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx
THE NASOPHARYNX. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

base of skull

pharyngeal recess

torus tubarius

salpingo-pharyngeal fold

salpingo-palatine fold pharyngeal opening of the pharyngo-

tympanic (Eustachian) tube
THE OROPHARYNX - ANTERIOR VIEW
soft palate
uvula

palatoglossal fold

palatine tonsil

oropharynx
THE OROPHARYNX - POSTERIOR VIEW OF AN OPENED PHARYNX

uvula of soft palate soft palate-sup. wall

palatine tonsil oropharynx

palatopharyngeal fold

lat. wall root of tongue-inf. wall

oesophagus
THE LARYNGOPHARYNX. POSTERIOR VIEW

epiglottis of larynx

inlet of larynx-ant. wall

laryngopharynx

post. surface of larynx piriform fossa

trachea oesophagus
MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX. LONGITUDINAL AND CONSTRICTOR MUSCLES

base of the skull

sup. constrictor

auditory tube (saplings)

stylopharyngeus m.
sup. constrictor m.
middle constrictor m. salpingopharyngeus m.
middle constrictor
inf. constrictor m.
palatopharyngeus m.

inf. constrictor m.

oesophagus

POSTERIOR VIEW OF PHARINX

LATERAL VIEW OF THE CONSTRICTOR MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX

stylopharyngeus m.

sup. constrictor m.
middle constrictor m.

inf. constrictor m.
MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX. INTERNAL VIEW
auditory tube (salpings)

sup. constrictor m.

salpingopharyngeal m.
soft palate
palatopharyngeal m.

oesophagus
trachea
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE PHARYNX
1. Ascending pharyngeal a.
2. Facial a.
3. Maxillary a.
4. Lingual a.

2
4
1
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE PHARYNX
1. Mucosa – Sensory fibres from the pharyngeal plexus via the glossopharyngeal n.
2. Muscles - Motor fibres from the pharyngeal plexus via the vagus n.

glossopharyngeal n.

pharyngeal plexus

vagus n.
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE PHARYNX

deep cervical lymph nodes

PHARYNX – CLINICAL NOTES
1. Palatine tonsilitis
2. Adenoids
3. Peritonsilar abscess
4. Foreign bodies in the piriform fossa
THANK YOU