RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
B Y M A R I S O L J A N E J O M AYA
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF

BREATHING?
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Consisting of tubes and is responsible for the
exchange of gases by filtering incoming air
and transporting it into the microscopic alveoli
where gases are exchanged.
It provides the energy needed by cells of the
body to function according to their designated
tasks.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
•Gas exchanges between the blood and
external environment
–Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
•Passageways to the lungs purify, humidify,
and warm the incoming air
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
•RESPIRATION – 4 processes must happen:
PULMONARY VENTILATION
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
TRANSPORT
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CONDUCTING RESPIRATORY
PORTION PORTION
NOSE RESPIRATORY
PHARYNX BRONCHIOLES
LARYNX ALVEOLAR DUCTS
TRACHEA ALVEOLI
BRONCHI
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

HUMIDIFY

PASSAGE WAY WARM

PURIFY

INCOMING AIR TO THE

LUNGS
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BETWEEN
BLOOD AND
EXTERNAL
GAS ENVIRONMENT
EXCHANGE

ALVEOLI OR
TERMINAL SAC
 Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Nostril Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Left main
Right main (primary)
(primary) bronchus
bronchus Left lung
Right lung

Diaphragm

Figure 13.1
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UPPER RESP TRACT LOWER RESP TRACT
NOSE LARYNX
NASAL CAVITY TRACHEA
SINUSES BRONCHIAL TUBES
PHARYNX LUNGS (alveoli)
 THE NOSE
Provides entrance for air
which is filtered by coarse
hairs inside the nostrils
EXTERNAL: framework
of bone and cartilage
covered with skin and
lined with mucous
membranes
INTERNAL: large cavity
in the skull
 THE NOSE
• Only externally visible part
of the respiratory system
• Air enters the nose through
the external nostrils
(nares)
• Interior of the nose
consists of a nasal cavity
divided by a nasal septum
THE NASAL CAVITY
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus
Posterior nasal Nasal cavity
aperture
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil • Nasal meatuses (superior,
• Opening of middle, and inferior)
pharyngotympanic
tube • Nasal vestibule
• Uvula • Nostril

Oropharynx Hard palate

• Palatine tonsil Soft palate

• Lingual tonsil Tongue

Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone

Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Figure 13.2b
ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
•Olfactory
receptors are
located in the
mucosa on the
superior surface
 ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
• The rest of the
cavity is lined with
respiratory
mucosa that
–Moisten air
–Trap incoming
foreign particles
–Rich network of
thin walled veins
 ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
•Respiratory
mucosa
•mucosa’s glands
–Sticky mucous
–lysosomes
 ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
•Respiratory
mucosa
•Ciliated cells
–Move
contaminated
mucous to the
throat
–Extremely cold-
move outward
ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
•Lateral walls have
projections called
conchae
–Increase
surface area
–Increase air
turbulence
within the nasal
cavity
ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
 ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
•The nasal cavity is
separated from the
oral cavity by the
PALATE
–Anterior hard
palate (bone)
–Posterior soft
palate (muscle)
 PARANASAL SINUSES
• Cavities within bones
surrounding the nasal
cavity are called sinuses
• Sinuses are located in the
following bones
–Frontal bone
–Sphenoid bone
–Ethmoid bone
–Maxillary bone
 PARANASAL SINUSES
• Cavities within bones
surrounding the nasal
cavity are called sinuses
• Sinuses are located in the
following bones
–Frontal bone
–Sphenoid bone
–Ethmoid bone
–Maxillary bone
PARANASAL SINUSES
•Function of the sinuses
–Lighten the skull
–Act as resonance chambers for speech
–Produce mucus that drains into the nasal
cavity
PARANASAL SINUSES
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus
Posterior nasal Nasal cavity
aperture
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil • Nasal meatuses (superior,
• Opening of middle, and inferior)
pharyngotympanic
tube • Nasal vestibule
• Uvula • Nostril

Oropharynx Hard palate

• Palatine tonsil Soft palate

• Lingual tonsil Tongue

Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone

Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Figure 13.2b
 PHARYNX (THROAT)
• Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
• Three regions of the pharynx
–Nasopharynx—superior region behind nasal cavity
–Oropharynx—middle region behind mouth
–Laryngopharynx—inferior region attached to
larynx
PHARYNX
(THROAT)
PHARYNX (THROAT)

•The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are

common passageways for air and food
Pharynx
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

(a) Regions of the pharynx

Figure 13.2a
STRUCTURES OF THE PHARYNX
•Pharyngotympanic tubes
open into the nasopharynx
 The mucosae of these two
regions are continuous, so ear
nfections such as otitis media
may follow a sore throat or
other types of pharyngeal
nfections.
STRUCTURES OF THE PHARYNX
• Tonsils
• Clusters of lymphatic tissue
• play a role in protecting the
body from infection
STRUCTURES OF THE PHARYNX
• Tonsils of the pharynx
–Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) is
located in the nasopharynx
–Palatine tonsils are located in
the oropharynx
–Lingual tonsils are found at the
base of the tongue
STRUCTURES OF THE PHARYNX
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus
Posterior nasal Nasal cavity
aperture
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil • Nasal meatuses (superior,
• Opening of middle, and inferior)
pharyngotympanic
tube • Nasal vestibule
• Uvula • Nostril

Oropharynx Hard palate

• Palatine tonsil Soft palate

• Lingual tonsil Tongue

Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone

Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Figure 13.2b
LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
• Routes air and food
into proper
channels
• Plays a role in
speech
• Made of eight
rigid hyaline
cartilages and a
spoon-shaped flap
of elastic cartilage
(epiglottis)
STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
•Thyroid cartilage
–Largest of the hyaline
cartilages
–Protrudes anteriorly
(Adam’s apple)
• SHIELD –SHAPE CARTILAGE
STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
•Epiglottis/GUARDIAN OF
AIRWAYS
–Protects the superior opening
of the larynx
–Routes food to the esophagus
and air toward the trachea
–When swallowing, the
epiglottis rises and forms a lid
STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
•Vocal folds (true vocal
cords)
–Vibrate with expelled
air to create sound
(speech)
•Glottis—opening
between vocal cords
 REVIEW THE UPPER
RESPIRATORY ANATOMY
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus
Posterior nasal Nasal cavity
aperture
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil • Nasal meatuses (superior,
• Opening of middle, and inferior)
pharyngotympanic
tube • Nasal vestibule
• Uvula • Nostril

Oropharynx Hard palate

• Palatine tonsil Soft palate

• Lingual tonsil Tongue

Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone

Larynx
Esophagus • Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
Trachea • Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage

(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Figure 13.2b
 TRACHEA
(WINDPIPE)
L O W E R R E S P I R AT O R Y T R A C T
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
•Four-inch-
long tube that
connects
larynx with
bronchi
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
•Walls are
reinforced
with C-
shaped
hyaline
cartilage
• Obstruction is LIFE
THREATENING
- HEIMLICH MANEUVER
- TRACHEOSTOMY
• SMOKING PREVENTS
CILIARY ACTIVITY AND
DESTROYS THE CILIA
• WITHOUT OUT CILIA
COUGHING IS THE ONLY
MEANS OF PREVENTING
MUCUS FROM
ACCUMULATING IN THE
LUNGS
 TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
•Lined with ciliated mucosa
–Beat continuously in the
opposite direction of
incoming air
–Expel mucus loaded
with dust and other
debris away from lungs
 LUNG S :
BRONCHUS,
BRO NCHIO LES ,
ALVEO LI
L O W E R R E S P I R AT O R Y T R A C T
MAIN (PRIMARY) BRONCHI
• Formed by
division of the
trachea
MAIN (PRIMARY) BRONCHI
•Enters the lung at
the hilum (medial
depression)
MAIN (PRIMARY) BRONCHI
• Right bronchus
is wider, shorter,
and straighter
than left
MAIN (PRIMARY) BRONCHI
• Bronchi
subdivide into
smaller and
smaller branches
 Intercostal muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Lung Pleural cavity
Trachea Visceral pleura
Thymus

Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe Oblique
Horizontal fissure fissure
Right middle lobe Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in pericardial cavity
of mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

Figure 13.4a
 Posterior
Vertebra Esophagus
(in posterior mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
Right lung • Left main bronchus
• Left pulmonary artery
Parietal pleura
• Left pulmonary vein
Visceral pleura
Left lung
Pleural cavity
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Pericardial
membranes Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Sternum
Anterior
(b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural
membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

Figure 13.4b
 BRONCHIAL (RESPIRATORY) TREE
DIVISIONS

•All but the smallest

of these
passageways have
reinforcing cartilage
in their walls
 BRONCHIAL (RESPIRATORY) TREE
DIVISIONS
1. Primary bronchi
2. Secondary bronchi
3. Tertiary bronchi
4. Bronchioles
5. Terminal bronchioles
 Alveolar duct Alveoli

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct

Terminal
bronchiole Alveolar sac

(a) Diagrammatic view of respiratory

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

LUNG TISSUE – Alveolar pores

elastic connective
tissue that allows the Alveolar duct

lungs to recoil
possively as we exhale Alveolus

Figure 13.5a
RESPIRATORY ZONE
•Structures
–Respiratory bronchioles
–Alveolar ducts
–Alveolar sacs
–Alveoli (air sacs)
•Site of gas exchange = alveoli
only
 Alveolar duct Alveoli

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct

Terminal
bronchiole Alveolar sac

(a) Diagrammatic view of respiratory

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

All other respiratory

Alveolar pores
passages are
conducting Alveolar duct

zone structures that

serve as conduits to Alveolus

and from the

respiratory zone. Figure 13.5a
Figure 13.5b
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE (AIR-
BLOOD BARRIER)
• Thin squamous
epithelial layer
lines alveolar
walls
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE (AIR-
BLOOD BARRIER)
•Alveolar pores
connect
neighboring air
sacs
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE (AIR-
BLOOD BARRIER)
• Pulmonary capillaries
cover external surfaces of
alveoli
• On one side of the
membrane is air and on
the other side is blood
flowing past
 Endothelial cell
nucleus

Alveolar pores

Capillary

Macrophage
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane

Alveoli (gas- Red blood Surfactant- Squamous

filled air cell in secreting cell epithelial cell
spaces) capillary of alveolar wall

Figure 13.6 (1 of 2)
•Alveolar pores
connect neighboring air
sacs and provide
alternative routes for
air to reach alveoli
whose feeder
bronchioles have been
clogged by mucus or
otherwise blocked.
•Alveolar
macrophages,
sometimes called “dust
cells,” wander in and
out of the alveoli
picking up bacteria,
carbon particles, and
other debris.
• Surfactant secreting cells
–chunky cuboidal cells,
–These cells produce a
lipid (fat) molecule
called surfactant,
–which coats the gas-
exposed alveolar
surfaces and is very
important in lung
function
 Red blood cell
Endothelial cell
nucleus Capillary

Alveolar pores

Capillary O2
CO22
Macrophage
Alveolus
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Alveolar epithelium
Respiratory
Membrane Fused basement
(air-blood barrier) membranes
Capillary endothelium

has gas (air) flowing

past on one side and
blood flowing past on
the other

Figure 13.6 (2 of 2)
 END OF SLIDE

QUESTIONS?