Non-Mendelian Genetics

Mendelian Genetics: Dominant & Recessive

Review
One allele is DOMINANT over the other
and the dominant allele will totally mask the
recessive allele

genotype: PP genotype: pp genotype: Pp

phenotype: purple phenotype: white phenotype: purple
 Review Problem: Dominant & Recessive
In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over
white flowers (p). Show the cross between two
heterozygous plants.
GENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio

PHENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio
It’s not always Dominant/Recessive!

Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Traits
Sex-Linked Traits
 Incomplete Dominance

a new phenotype
appears in the heterozygous
condition as a BLEND of the
dominant and recessive
phenotypes. Ex - Dominant Red (RR) + Recessive
White (rr) = Hybrid Pink (Rr)

RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

Incomplete Dominance
 Problem: Incomplete Dominance

Show the cross between a red and a white flower.

GENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio

PHENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio
 Problem: Incomplete Dominance

Show the cross between a pink and a white flower.

GENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio

PHENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio
 Codominance
in the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed
equally with NO blending! Represented by using two
DIFFERENT capital letters.
Example - Sickle Cell Anemia: All Normal Cells (NN) + All
sickled cells (SS) = half normal/half sickle carrier (NS)

NN = SS = sickle cells NS = some of

normal cells each
 Codominance Example: Checkered Chickens
BB = all black feathers
WW = all white feathers
BW = both black & white feathers (speckled)

Notice –
NO GRAY!
NO BLEND!
Each feather is
either black or white
Codominance Example: Rhodedendron
R = allele for red flowers
W = allele for white flowers
Cross a homozygous red flower
with a homozygous white
flower.
 Codominance Example: Roan cattle

cattle can be

red
(RR – all red hairs)
white
(WW – all white hairs)
roan
(RW – red and white hairs together)
 Problem: Codominance in Appaloosa Horses
Gray horses (GG) are codominant to white horses
(WW). The heterozygous horse (GW) is an Appaloosa (a
white horse with gray spots).
Cross a white horse with an appaloosa horse. Give the
genotype and phenotype ratio and percent.
 Problem: Codominance in Sickle Cell

Show the cross between an individual with

sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier
but not sick.
GENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio

PHENOTYPES:
-%
- ratio
 Multiple Alleles
Sometimes there are more than two alleles present in
the gene pool for a gene. Ex – blood type consists of two
dominant and one recessive allele in humans
Allele A (IA) and
B (IB) are
dominant over
Allele O (i).
(NOTE: You still only
get TWO alleles!!!
One from mom and one
from dad)
 Multiple Alleles: Rabbit Fur Colors
Fur colors (determined by 4 alleles):
full color (C), chinchilla (cch), Himalayan (ch), albino (c)
 Multiple Alleles: Rabbit Fur Colors
Fur colors (determined by 4 alleles):
full color (C), chinchilla (cch), Himalayan (ch), albino (c)
 Multiple Alleles: Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)

Rules for Blood Types: (geno = pheno)

A and B are co-dominant (Both show)
IAIA = type A
IBIB = type B
IAIB = type AB
A and B are both dominant over O (Regular dom/rec)
IAi = type A
IBi = type B
ii = type O
Multiple Alleles: Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)
 Allele Can Can
(antigen) Donate Receive
Possible on RBC Blood Blood
Phenotype Genotype(s) surface To From
IA i
A I A IA A A, AB A, O
I Bi
B IB IB B B, AB B, O
A, B,
AB IAIB AB AB AB, O
A, B,
O ii O AB, O O
 Problem: Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who has type O
blood and a father who has type AB blood.

GENOTYPES:
- list

PHENOTYPES:
- list
 Problem: Multiple Alleles

Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for

type B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A
blood.

GENOTYPES:
-list

PHENOTYPES:
-list
Sample Problem #1:

Adam Sandler is homozygous for type A blood. Megan Fox is

heterozygous for type B. If they have kids what will be the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the possible kids?
• Sample Problem #2:
Jimmy Fallon has type O blood. Jennifer Aniston has
type AB blood. If they have kids what will be the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the possible
kids?
 Sex-Linked Traits
•Sex-linked genes are genes found
either on X or Y chromosomes which
are inherited differences among
male and a female. Sex-linked traits
determined by an X-linked gene
when an X chromosome takes
control. On the other hand, the so-
called Y-linked genes are those
located on the Y chromosome.
• Hemophilia, an example of an X-linked trait is
a rare genetic disorder in which a person lacks
enough blood-clotting proteins caused by a
change in one of the genes.
Since this phenomenon is sited on the X
chromosome, females identified to have affected
two X chromosomes cause the disorder.
But if there is only one chromosome affected, the
female individual is referred to as “carrier” of the
disorder.
• Hypertrichosis pinnae auris is a Y-linked
trait controlled by a Y chromosome and
characterized by hairy ear in which are
expressed in males alone. This human
condition can be inherited from a father who
has the disorder, to his sons who, in turn, will
pass it on to their sons.
• Sex-Limited Trait
Sex-limited traits are those traits limited to only one
sex. Lactation is a good example of a sex-limited
trait that is exclusively exhibited among females.
However, cattle carry genes for lactation on both
males and females.
Lactating gene (L) is a dominant gene over the non-
lactating recessive gene (l). In female cattle carrying
one dominant gene (XXLl), or two dominant genes
(XXLL) lactation will be shown. Nevertheless,
neither male cattle having dominant genes nor in
male cattle that have recessive genes will lactate.
Sex-Influenced Traits
Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits
that are expressed in both sexes but more
frequently in one than in the other sex. One
classic example of this is pattern baldness
which is expressed in females but is more
often manifested in males.
The gene has two alleles, “bald” (B) and
“non-bald” (b), and these genes are highly
influenced by the hormones individually.
We know that all humans have
testosterone, but males have higher level of
testosterone than females do. This shows
that, although baldness alleles (XYBB,
XYBb, or XXBB) behave like a dominant
allele in males, they are recessive in females
(XXBb, XXb).
Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the
offspring if the mother is bald and the father is not bald.
Perform a cross using a Punnett square.

XBXB x XbYb
Sex-Linked Traits
A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26
 Normal vision

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: --
 Red-green color blind

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6
 Red color blind

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2
 Green color blind
 Problem: Sex Linked
Show the cross between a mother whose father was
colorblind and a normal vision man

GENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %

PHENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %
 Problem: Sex Linked
Show a cross between a carrier mother and a male with
hemophilia

GENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %

PHENOTYPES:
- Male %
- Female %
 Polygenic Traits
traits produced by more than one pair of
genes; results in a variety of phenotypes
example: skin color, eye color, height
(No punnett square)