Non-Mendelian Genetics

Prof. Dr. agr. Asep Gunawan, S.Pt, MSc

 Mendelian Genetics:
Dominant & Recessive Review
 One allele is DOMINANT over the other
(because the dominant allele can “mask” the
recessive allele)

genotype: PP genotype: pp genotype: Pp

phenotype: purple phenotype: white phenotype: purple
 Review Problem:
Dominant & Recessive
 In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over
white flowers (p). Show the cross between two
heterozygous plants.
GENOTYPES: P p
- PP (25%)
Pp (50%) P PP Pp
pp (25%)
- ratio 1:2:1
p Pp pp
PHENOTYPES:
- purple (75%)
white (25%)
- ratio 3:1
 Non-Mendelian Genetics
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Traits
Sex-Linked Traits
Incomplete Dominance
 a third (new) phenotype
appears in the heterozygous
condition as a BLEND of the
dominant and recessive
phenotypes. Ex - Dominant Red (R) + Recessive White
(r) = Hybrid Pink (Rr)

RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

 Problem:
Incomplete Dominance
 Show the cross between a pink and a white flower.

GENOTYPES: R r
- RR (0%)
Rr (50%) r
rr (50%)
Rr rr
- ratio 1:1
r Rr rr
PHENOTYPES:
- pink (50%); white (50%)
- ratio 1:1
 Codominance
 in the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed equally
with NO blending! Represented by using two DIFFERENT
capital letters.
 Example: Dominant Black (B) + Dominant White (W) =
Speckled Black and White Phenotype (BW)

 Sickle Cell Anemia -

NN = SS = sickle cells NS = some of

normal cells each
 Codominance Example:
Speckled Chickens

BB = black feathers

WW = white feathers
BW = black & white speckled feathers

Notice –
NO GRAY!
NO BLEND!
Each feather is
either black or white
Codominance Example: Rhodedendron
 R = allele for red flowers
 W = allele for white flowers
 Cross a homozygous red flower
with a homozygous white flower.
 Codominance Example:
Roan cattle

cattle can be
red
(RR – all red hairs)
white
(WW – all white hairs)
roan
(RW – red and white hairs together)
 Codominance Example:
Appaloosa horses

 Gray horses (GG) are codominant to white horses

(WW). The heterozygous horse (GW) is an Appaloosa
(a white horse with gray spots).
 Cross a white horse with an appaloosa horse.

W W

G GW GW

W WW WW
 Problem:
Codominance

Show the cross between an individual with

sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier
but not sick.
GENOTYPES: N S
- NS (50%) S
SS (50%) NS SS
- ratio 1:1
PHENOTYPES: S NS SS
- carrier (50%)
sick (50%)
- ratio 1:1
 Multiple Alleles
there are more than two alleles for a gene.
Ex – blood type consists of two dominant and
one recessive allele
options. Allele A
and B are
dominant over
Allele O (i)
 Multiple Alleles:
Lab Mouse Fur Colors

Fur colors (determined by 4 alleles):

black agouti yellow
 Multiple Alleles:
Rabbit Fur Colors

Fur colors (determined by 4 alleles):

full, chinchilla, himalayan, albino
 Multiple Alleles:
Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)

Rules for Blood Types:

A and B are co-dominant (Both show)
AA or IAIA = type A
BB or IBIB = type B
AB or IAIB = type AB
A and B are dominant over O (Regular dom/rec)
AO or IAi = type A
BO or IBi = type B
OO or ii = type O
 Multiple Alleles:
Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)
 Allele Can Can
(antigen) Donate Receive
Possible on RBC Blood Blood
Phenotype Genotype(s) surface To From
IA i
A I A IA A A, AB A, O
I Bi
B IB IB B B, AB B, O
A, B,
AB IAIB AB AB AB, O
A, B,
O ii O AB, O O
 Problem:
Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who has type
O blood and a father who has type AB blood.
GENOTYPES:
- Ai (50%) i i
Bi (50%) A
- ratio 1:1 Ai Ai
PHENOTYPES: B
- type A (50%) Bi Bi
type B (50%)
- ratio 1:1
 Problem:
Multiple Alleles
 Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for type
B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A blood.

GENOTYPES: A i
-AB (25%); Bi (25%);
Ai (25%); ii (25%) B AB Bi
- ratio 1:1:1:1

PHENOTYPES: i Ai ii
-type AB (25%); type B (25%)
type A (25%); type O (25%)
- ratio 1:1:1:1
 Polygenic Traits
traits produced by multiple genes
example: skin color
 Sex-Linked Traits
Gene is attached to
the X chromosome
only, not found on the
Y chromosome at all.
(women have XX,
men have XY
chromosomes). These
disorders are more
common in boys.
examples: red-green
colorblindness,
hemophilia