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GENETICS
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 | COURSE OUTCOME 2

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Genetics is the
scientific study of
heredity.

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GENETIC • genetic inheritance – the acquisition
of traits by their transmission from
S parent to offspring

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LAWS OF INHERITANCE

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 LAWS OF INHERITANCE

Mendelian Genetics

Non-Mendelian Genetics

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 • Law of Dominance
MENDELIAN • Law of Segregation
GENETICS • Law of Independent Assortment

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 REVIEW
• Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each
parent.
• Genotype refers to the allele combination.
 homozygous dominant (pure breed)
homozygous recessive (pure breed)
heterozygous (hybrid)
• Phenotype refers to the observable trait based from the genotype.

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 LAW OF DOMINANCE

A genotype is composed of two alleles and if the alleles

differ, only one phenotype will be expressed (dominant)
while the other (recessive) is masked.

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 EXAMPLE
GENE: Flower color PHENOTYPE
ALLELE: PP – purple
Dominant – purple (P) pp – white
Recessive – white (p) Pp - purple
GENOTYPE:
homozygous dominant - PP
homozygous recessive - pp
heterozygous - Pp
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 EXAMPLE
GENE: Eye Color
B B
ALLELE:
Dominant – brown (B)
Recessive – blue (b)
b Bb Bb
CROSS:
BB x bb
What will be the phenotype of the b Bb Bb
offspring from this genetic cross?
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 LAW OF SEGREGATION

• The two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from

each other) during gamete (egg cell/sperm cell) formation and end up
in different gametes.

• When an egg and a sperm join in fertilization, they form a new

organism, whose genotype consists of the alleles contained in the
gametes. 

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 LAW OF
SEGREGATIO
N

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 LAW OF
SEGREGATION

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 LAW OF
SEGREGATION

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 LAW OF
INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
• Two or more genes assort
independently – that is, each pair
of alleles segregate
independently of any pair of
alleles – during gamete
formation.

• The inheritance of one trait does

not affect the inheritance of the
other.
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https://www.yo
utube.com/watc
h?v=VAUE9Y
X1KOA

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 NON- • Incomplete Dominance
MENDELIA • Codominance
N • Multiple Alleles
GENETICS

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 INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
An organism with two different
phenotypes produces offspring with a
third phenotype that is a blend of the
parental traits.

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 EXAMPLE
A red carnation flower (RR) is crossed with a white carnation flower (ww). The
resulting offspring are all pink (indicating incomplete dominance). What would be
the result of a cross between a pink and a white carnation?

GIVEN: R R
RR – red
ww – white
Rw - pink
w Rw Rw

w Rw Rw
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 EXAMPLE

REQUIRED: Cross between

pink (Rw) and white (ww) R w
carnation
w Rw ww
RESULT:
Rw – pink
ww - white
w Rw ww

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CODOMINANCE

A cross between organisms with

two different phenotypes
produces offspring with a third
phenotype in which both of the
parental traits appear together.

BOTH TRAITS ARE

DOMINANT.

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 EXAMPLE
A male cattle with a red coat color is mated with a female cattle having a white coat
color. Red (RR) and white (WW) coat color are codominant in a cattle. What would
be the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
GIVEN:
RR – red coat color R R
WW – white coat color
RW – red and white
RESULT:
W RW RW
REQUIRED: GR: 100%, RW
GR and PR of offspring PR: 100%, red
W RW RW and white coat
color
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MULTIPLE Instead of having only two types of
alleles for a gene, it is represented by
ALLELES more than two types.

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ABO
BLOOD
TYPES

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 ABO BLOOD TYPES
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a protein called the Rh
factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (–), creating the 8
most common blood types:

A+ A-
B+ B-
AB+ AB-
O+ O-
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 EXAMPLE
A woman with type O blood marries a man with type AB blood. What are the
possible blood types that a child of theirs could inherit?
GIVEN:
Woman: O (ii) i i
Man: AB (IAIB)
IA IA i IA i
RESULT:
Blood Type A
I B
Ii
B
Ii
B
Blood Type B

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End of Presentation

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 SEATWORK 3
1. Go to Blackboard > Written Works > CO2 folder.
2. Download the attached file in Seatwork 3 – Laws of Inheritance
submission link.
3. Answer the given problems. Show complete and logical solution.

DUE DATE: Tomorrow, 9:00 PM

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